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International Journal of Quantum Information

Quantum correlations — Spin supercurrents

Liudmila Borisovna Boldyreva

Published Feb 1, 2014• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The paper concerns some optical phenomena where quantum correlations take place: two-photon and three-photon interference, the photon antibunching, squeezed vacuum. The main properties of quantum correlations are: they do not depend on the distance, do not consume energy, take place for quantum entities both with zero and with nonzero rest mass, take place in the physical vacuum, that is, it is not necessary for the quantum entities to be detected simultaneously. A physical process is discussed which is responsible for quantum correlations in such macrosystem as superfluid 3 He – B . An analogy is shown between the properties of spin supercurrents in superfluid 3 He – B and the above properties of quantum correlations for quantum entities. The important feature of spin supercurrents is that they are not accompanied by any mass transfer.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749914500075

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The paper concerns some optical phenomena where quantum correlations take place: two-photon and three-photon interference, the photon antibunching, squeezed vacuum. The main properties of quantum correlations are: they do not depend on the distance, do not consume energy, take place for quantum entities both with zero and with nonzero rest mass, take place in the physical vacuum, that is, it is not necessary for the quantum entities to be detected simultaneously. A physical process is discussed which is responsible for quantum correlations in such macrosystem as superfluid 3 He – B . An analogy is shown between the properties of spin supercurrents in superfluid 3 He – B and the above properties of quantum correlations for quantum entities. The important feature of spin supercurrents is that they are not accompanied by any mass transfer.
It is shown that such phenomena as quantum correlations (interaction of space-separated quantum entities), the action of magnetic vector potential on quantum entities in the absence of magnetic field, and near-field antenna effect (the existence of superluminally propagating electromagnetic fields) may be explained by action of spin supercurrents. In case of quantum correlations between quantum entities, spin supercurrent emerges between virtual particles pairs (virtual photons) created by those quantum entities. The explanation of magnetic vector potential and near-field antenna effect is based on contemporary principle of quantum mechanics: the physical vacuum is not an empty space but the ground state of the field consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs) characterized by zero-point energy. Using the properties of the oscillators and spin supercurrent, it is proved that magnetic vector potential is proportional to the moment causing the orientation of spin of QHO along the direction of magnetic field. The near-field antenna effect is supposed to take place as a result of action of spin supercurrent causing secondary electromagnetic oscillations. In this way, the electromagnetic field may spread at the speed of spin supercurrent. As spin supercurrent is an inertia free process, its speed may be greater than that of light, which does not contradict postulates of special relativity that sets limits to the speed of inertial systems only.
Introduction In the preceding chapters we have been largely concerned with the simplest coherence effects of optical fields, namely those which depend on the correlation of the field variable at two space-time points ( r 1 , t 1 ) and ( r 2 , t 2 ). As we have seen, these effects include the most elementary coherence phenomena involving interference, diffraction and radiation from fluctuating sources. In this chapter we present an extension of the theory to cover more complicated situations, which have to be described by correlations of higher order, i.e. by correlations of the field variables at more than two space-time points or the expectation values involving various powers and products of the field variables. Situations of this kind have become of considerable importance since the development of the laser and of nonlinear optics. The basic difference between the statistical properties of thermal light and laser light can, in fact, only be understood by going beyond the elementary second-order correlation theory. Many of the higher-order coherence phenomena are most clearly manifest in the photoelectric detection process, which can only be adequately described by the quantum theory of detection or by taking into account the quantum features of the field, both of which will be studied in the succeeding chapters. However, because the field is still described classically in the semi-classical theory of light detection, and also because the classical field description provides a natural stepping stone to the quantum description of field correlations, we will now discuss the general description of field correlations of all orders on the basis of the classical theory of the fluctuating wavefield.
This textbook provides a physical understanding of what photons are and of their properties and applications. Special emphasis is made in the text to entangled photon pairs which exhibit quantum mechanical correlations over manifestly macroscopic distances. Such photon pairs make possible such exciting techniques as teleportation and quantum cryptography, as well as the physical realisation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen type experiments. In addition, nonclassical properties of light, such as photon antibunching and squeezing, as well as quantum phase measurement and optical tomography are discussed. The author describes relevant experiments and elucidates the physical ideas behind them. This book will be of interest to undergraduates and graduate students studying optics, and to any physicist with an interest in the mysteries of the photon and exciting modern work in quantum cryptography and teleportation.
The concepts listed in the title are introduced and clarified. The relations among them are pointed out. It is shown that the corresponding optical phenomena are definitely of a quantum nature. The basic quantities which are measured in correlation optical experiments are discussed. Manifestations of photon antibunching and of sub-Poisson photon statistics in the recording of delayed coincidences, in the distribution of photon counts, and in intensity fluctuation spectra are analyzed. (More precisely, what is involved is the spectrum of fluctuations in the photocurrent; all the results of the theoretical analysis in this review are expressed in terms of directly measurable quantities.) A diagram technique for calculating the correlation characteristics of the radiation from a polyatomic system is outlined. Photon correlations in nonlinear resonance fluorescence are analyzed. There is a discussion of approaches to the development of macroscopic sources of radiation with sub-Poisson photon statistics: the production of a squeezed state of a field in phase-sensitive parametric effects in nonlinear optics and the introduction of repulsive statistics in luminescence excitation events and in the pumping of a laser. Experiments in these directions which had been reported through April 1986 are discussed. The practical importance of reducing the quantum noise in radiation for extremely precise measurements and for optical data transmission is pointed out.
Quantum correlations are correlations that arise from a unique feature in quantum mechanics: quantum superposition. The most famous example of quantum superposition is the Schrodinger’s cat state, where a cat is in a state of neither dead nor alive before an observer determines the cat’s status. This is not what we expect. Nevertheless, quantum superposition and correlations are routinely created in the laboratories with microscopic systems involving atoms and light particles. Can this counterintuitive notion be realised in the macroscopic world? This thesis investigates this question by devising criteria that certify the existence of quantum correlations in mesoscopic/macroscopic systems. Powerful mathematical tools are used to simulate two quantum protocols in a mesoscopic system which have applications in quantum communication and computation.
The aim of the paper is to show that there is a physical process which could underlie the wave properties of matter. A comparison has been drawn between the properties of a pair of electrically unlike virtual particles created by a quantum entity in the physical vacuum and the characteristics of the quantum entity wave function. Analogies were revealed between the spin precession frequency of pair of virtual particles and the wave function frequency, between the size of the electric dipole produced by a pair of virtual particles and the wave function wavelength, and also between the angle of spin precession of pair of virtual particles and the wave function phase. It is shown that quantum correlations of quantum entities may be caused by spin correlations (by spin supercurrents) between virtual particles created by the quantum entities in the physical vacuum. It is shown that the wave properties of a quantum entity are due to precession of spin of pair of virtual particles created by the quantum entity in the physical vacuum.