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Superconductor Science and Technology

Noise in thin-film YBa2Cu3O7step-edge junction RF SQUIDS

J Sloggett, David L. Dart, C. P. Foley, R.A. Binks, Nick Savvides, A. Katsaros

Published May 1, 1994• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe the noise performance of thin-film YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 RF SQUIDS fabricated on MgO substrates with single step-edge Josephson junctions. A substantial range of noise levels has been observed for devices having similar electrical parameters (inductance, critical current, RF frequency). The best devices have white-noise levels below 10 -4 phi 0 Hz -1/2 when operated at a frequency of 170-200 MHz and have 1/f noise corners of a few hertz. Measurements of the V RF versus L RF characteristics of one SQUID, indicate that intrinsic device noise dominates the measured total noise of these devices. The white noise of all devices exceeds the predictions of the theory of Kurkijarvi at al. by a large factor, apparently because of non-ideal behaviour of step-edge Josephson junctions.

DOI
10.1088/0953-2048/7/5/008

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Applied Physics Letters•Jun 15, 1992•72 citations
We describe the noise performance of thin-film YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 RF SQUIDS fabricated on MgO substrates with single step-edge Josephson junctions. A substantial range of noise levels has been observed for devices having similar electrical parameters (inductance, critical current, RF frequency). The best devices have white-noise levels below 10 -4 phi 0 Hz -1/2 when operated at a frequency of 170-200 MHz and have 1/f noise corners of a few hertz. Measurements of the V RF versus L RF characteristics of one SQUID, indicate that intrinsic device noise dominates the measured total noise of these devices. The white noise of all devices exceeds the predictions of the theory of Kurkijarvi at al. by a large factor, apparently because of non-ideal behaviour of step-edge Josephson junctions.
We have fabricated RF and DC SQUIDS with step-edge Josephson junctions (SEJ) and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 thin films. The low-frequency noise of these SQUIDS has been investigated as a function of temperature, bias current and magnetic field. Typically, the energy resolution in the white noise region of the DC SQUIDS with an inductance of 45 pH was 3*10 -30 J Hz -1 at 77.5 K. Depending on the bias current, the low-frequency spectrum could be of either 1/f type or Lorentzian type. The Lorentzian spectrum was generated by random telegraph signals (RTSS). An Arrhenius plot was obtained from the temperature dependence of the switching time of these RTSS. We have determined two barrier lengths of 0.23 eV and 1 eV of the two-level fluctuator (TLF) generating this RTS noise. From the magnetic-field dependence of the low-frequency noise we have found that the noise is periodic with the flux corresponding to the area of the SEJ. The results were discussed in terms of a model treating the SEJ as a multi-junction interferometer which forms a two-level fluctuator when the junction is placed inside a SQUID loop. The noise is generated by thermally activated switching of the SQUID between the two different states of the SQUID.
Rf SQUIDs have been fabricated on MgO substrate using step-edge YBCO junction. Ion beam etching as a post fabrication trimming process is routinely used to reduce (trim) the critical current of the junction for noise optimization. The white noise of SQUIDs with inductance,Ls= 157 pH can be reduced to 55μΦoHz−1/2after the trimming process. However, 1/f noise at low frequency has been found to be degraded after the trimming. Rf SQUIDs withLs= 130 pH were fabricated and measured. A similar noise performance was achieved in these SQUIDs down to 5 Hz without the need of trimming. The 1/f noise was found to be better than that of the trimmed SQUIDs.
A superconducting quantum interferometer device (SQUID) electronics with tank frequencies near 150 MHz was constructed to enhance the rf SQUID sensitivity. By these means we characterized our YBa2Cu3O7 thin-film rf SQUIDs with step-edge junctions immersed in liquid N2. We obtained transfer function values of over 40 μV/Φ0, at a 50 Ω input impedance, for both hysteretic and dispersive mode of rf SQUID operation. The rms white and 1/f flux noise levels were significantly lower than at the tank frequency of 20 MHz. The best magnetic field sensitivity at 77 K was 0.9 pT/Hz1/2, and the energy resolution 1.4×10−28 J/Hz, down to 0.3 Hz.
We have fabricated Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x step-edge junction dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and characterized their noise performance. The current-voltage characteristics of our SQUIDs are of resistively shunted junction type with critical current densities jc of about 104 A/cm2 and maximum flux to voltage transfer functions δV/δΦ of 20 μV/Φ0 at 77 K. We compare model predictions for 1/f noise in dc SQUIDs with experimental data and show that the frequency dependent noise in our devices results from critical current fluctuations of the Josephson junctions. A bias current reversing technique is effective in suppressing this noise contribution. A flux noise Φn of 80 μΦ0/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz and 77 K was measured on a dc SQUID with an inductance Ls of 60 pH.
A seven-channel RF SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) with anodized short weak links has been fabricated. The devices exhibit a sensitivity of 23.6 fT/ square root Hz and a 1/f noise onset of 0.05 Hz at a white noise level of 1.8*10/sup -4/ phi /sub 0// square root Hz. The intrinsic flux noise is estimated from an observed step pattern to be 4.9*10/sup -5/ phi /sub 0// square root Hz. It is shown that Arnold theory explains very well the behavior of Josephson junctions with a critical current density of around 10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/.>
Autonomous single-layer dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been prepared from epitaxial, laser-deposited YBa2Cu3Ox films on step edge SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates. For device patterning, a SiOx inhibit technique as well as conventional ethylenediaminetetraacetic wet etch was used. The Josephson junctions are of grain boundary type. Their widths are 5 μm. The SQUID hole is a square of about 5 μm; the SQUID inductance is estimated to be about 20 pH. We obtained a very regular, nonhysteretic flux to voltage modulation over more than 100 flux quanta (Φ0). The maximum voltage signal is of the order of 15 μV peak to peak and the maximum transfer function dV/dΦ at the appropriate flux bias is 50 μV/Φ0 at 77 K. The best value of the equivalent flux noise as measured in the flux locked loop mode is 1.4×10−5 Φ0/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz and 1×10−5 Φ0/Hz1/2 in the white noise region for f≳5 Hz. This results in an energy resolution εn,w(f≳5 Hz)=1×10−29 J/Hz in the white noise region and 2×10−29 J/Hz at 1 Hz.