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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Single atoms on an optical nanofiber: a novel work system for slow light

K. Hakuta

Published Jan 8, 2008• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We discuss how subwavelength-diameter silica-fibers, "optical nanofibers", can open new perspectives for manipulating atoms and photons. We explore atom/photon interaction around a nanofiber using laser-cooled Cs-atoms. We show that single atoms on a nanofiber can work as an optically dense medium which may give a novel work medium for slow light through an optical fiber. Basic characteristics for single atoms on a nanofiber; spontaneous emission, single-atom trapping, photoabsorption, and quantum interference, are discussed.

DOI
10.1117/12.772217

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We discuss how subwavelength-diameter silica-fibers, "optical nanofibers", can open new perspectives for manipulating atoms and photons. We explore atom/photon interaction around a nanofiber using laser-cooled Cs-atoms. We show that single atoms on a nanofiber can work as an optically dense medium which may give a novel work medium for slow light through an optical fiber. Basic characteristics for single atoms on a nanofiber; spontaneous emission, single-atom trapping, photoabsorption, and quantum interference, are discussed.
Tapered optical fiber with subwavelength diameter waist, an optical nanofiber, provides a unique and versatile platform for manipulating atoms and photons. In the guided modes of the nanofibers, the optical field can be tightly confined in the transverse direction while enabling strong interaction with the surrounding medium in the evanescent region. Combining laser-cooled atoms with nanofibers has enabled surprising quantum optics experiments, e.g. the efficient channeling of emission from single atoms into the fiber-guided modes, spectroscopy of near-surface atoms, high optical depth with an array of atoms optically trapped around the nanofiber, atomic memories and Bragg reflectors for fiber-guided photons, chiral light-matter interaction etc. In addition, using moderate longitudinal confinement in nanofiber cavities has enabled strong coupling between a single atom and fiber-guided photons. In this article, I review some of the key experimental demonstrations on the “atom+nanofiber” platform.
Abstract We discuss how optical nanofibers, subwavelength-diameter fibers, can open new perspectives in quantum optical technologies theoretically and experimentally. Discussions are mainly focused on the manipulation of spontaneous emission for atoms around the nanofiber. We show that photons from single quantum emitters can be efficiently channeled into guided modes of the nanofiber. Especially by fabricating a cavity structure of the nanofiber, the channeling efficiency can be improved to exceed 80% although the cavity finesse is moderate. We discuss also how to realize such a nanofiber cavity experimentally.
We built a new experiment using cold atoms interacting with the light guided by an optical nanofiber. We first developed a nanofiber manufacturing bench. By heating and stretching a commercial optical fiber, a silica cylinder of 400 nm diameter is obtained. The light guided in these nanofibers is strongly focused over the whole length and exhibits strong evanescent fields. We then prepared a vacuum chamber and the laser system necessary for the manipulation of cold atoms. After inserting a nanofiber amid a cloud of cold atoms, we observed the phenomenon of slow light under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency: the light guided by the fiber is slowed down to a speed 3000 times smaller than its usual speed. We also stored the light guided by an optical fiber. After several microseconds, the information stored as a collective atomic excitation could be retrieved in the fiber. We have shown that this optical memory works for light pulses containing less than one photon on average. This system may therefore be used as a quantum memory, an essential tool for future quantum communication networks. Finally, we trapped atoms in an array in the vicinity of the nanofiber thanks to the light guided by the latter. Compared to our first set of experiments, the resulting cloud has a longer lifetime (25 ms) and interacts more strongly with the guided light (OD ~ 100). This new system should allow to efficiently implement other quantum optics protocols, such as the generation of single photons, or the entanglement of two remote atomic ensembles.