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Modern Physics Letters B

Cooling, Trapping and Manipulation of Neutral Atoms and Bose-Einstein Condensates by Electromagnetic Fields

Kristian Helmerson, William D. Phillips

Published Sep 1, 2000• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We give a general discussion of the mechanical effects of light, and of laser cooling and trapping techniques. This is followed by a description of experiments in the manipulation of Bose-Einstein condensates with optical laser pulses.
DOI
10.1142/s0217984900001567

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Laser manipulation of atoms and ions : Varenna on Lake Como, Villa Monastero, 9-19 July 1991

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Beams of atoms and molecules (N.F. Ramsey). Momentum exchange between matter and light (S. Stenholm). Quantum effects in atomic optics (D.F. Walls). New laser cooling mechanisms (C. Cohen-Tannoudji). Laser cooling configurations (G. Nienhuis). Velocity-selective coherent population trapping in one and two dimensions (E. Arimondo). Coupled-pendulum model of the forces on three-level atoms (M. Prentiss et al.). Laser cooling and manipulation of atoms and selected applications (S. Chu). Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms (W.D. Phillips). Search for montional quantization of laser-cooled atoms (R. Gupta, S. Padua, T. Bergeman, H. Metcalf). The low (temperature) road toward Bose-Einstein condensation in optically and magnetically trapped cesium atoms (Ch. Monroe, E. Comell, C. Wieman). Manipulation of atoms by laser light (W. Ertmer). Laser manipulation of helium: the limits of the semi-classical description (A. Aspect et al.). Light manipulation of atoms (V.1. Balykin). Atom traps and atom optics (D.E. Pritchard and W. Ketterle). Electromagnetic traps for, charged and neutral particles (W. Paul). Laser cooling of trapped ions (W.M. Itano et al.). High-resolution atomic spectroscopy of laser-cooled ions (D.J. Wineland et al.).
This conclusion presents some closing remarks on the concepts discussed in the book. Nowadays by using the mechanical forces exerted on atoms by light it is possible to achieve both cooling and trapping of atoms. The minimum temperature of atoms in laser cooling experiment and maximum density of atoms in the atomic traps permit to orient the latest research works towards ambitious goals as a realization of Bose-Einstein condensation of cold atoms, atomic interferometry, improvement of atomic clock. Another interesting possibility of using light pressure forces is the development of a new kind of optics — the optics of neutral atomic beams. This book has discussed a number of recent experiments which have demonstrated the possibility to develop several elements of this optics: atom optics with laser light. .
Summary form only given. Techniques for cooling and trapping atoms now provide unique capabilities for the manipulation of atoms. In particular, they make possible very low temperatures, extraordinarily high atomic phase space densities, and long perturbation-free observation times. These capabilities enable one to carry out many new measurements on atoms with great precision and/or in entirely new regimes of temperature and density. This tutorial will concentrate primarily on the practical aspects of how to apply current laser cooling and trapping techniques. This will include descriptions of the various techniques and their capabilities, as well as a discussion of tradeoffs between price, complexity, and various performance parameters. Finally, I will briefly discuss how these techniques are applied in a number of specific cases including cold collisions, precision measurements including atomic clocks, atom interferometry, collecting radioactive isotopes, and the creation of Bose-Einstein condensates.
Abstract One of the most remarkable achievements of laser control is the manipulation of atomic particles, their velocities, positions, etc., which is referred to as laser cooling and laser trapping . These two effects are interrelated and usually prove effective when used jointly. That this is so one can see by considering as an example the laser cooling of trapped ions and the laser trapping of laser-cooled neutral atoms (Fig. 5.1). The sequences of processes in these two situations are directly opposite. Ions can easily be trapped in an electromagnetic trap of large depth (Paul 1990) and then be cooled for a long time by laser radiation (sideband cooling) (Wineland and Dehmelt 1975; Dehmelt 1990). Neutral atoms are first slowed down and cooled by laser radiation down to millikelvin temperatures, and only then confined in an optical trap. Trapped atoms can further be cooled to microkelvin temperatures. The present chapter and Chapter 6 consider the cooling and trapping of neutral atoms, the present chapter concentrating on their cooling, and Chapter 6 on trapping. But it would be reasonable first to familiarize the reader with the history of the early ideas in this field that eventually led to the advent of a new domain of physics—the physics of ultracold atoms and molecules (Chapters 7 and 8).