In these lecture notes I will discuss the techniques of magnetic trapping of neutral atoms and evaporative cooling methods. I will further discuss the observation of Bose Einstein Condensation in weakly interacting gases and summarize some of the experiments that have been performed on the condensates.
The following article is a written version of the Richtmyer award lecture given to the annual meeting of the American Association of Physics Teachers in January 1996. I discuss the basic idea of Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas and how it has been produced and examined. To cool the atoms to the point of condensation we use laser cooling and trapping, followed by magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling. These techniques are explained, along with the signatures of Bose–Einstein condensation that we observe. I also discuss how very similar laser cooling and trapping techniques have been incorporated into undergraduate laboratory experiments.
Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas has now been achieved. Atoms are cooled to the point of condensation using laser cooling and trapping, followed by magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling. These techniques are explained, as well as the techniques by which we observe the cold atom samples. Three different signatures of Bose–Einstein condensation are described. A number of properties of the condensate, including collective excitations, distortions of the wave function by interactions, and the fraction of atoms in the condensate versus temperature, have also been measured.