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Optics Express

Storage capacity of slow-light tunable optical buffers based on fiber Brillouin amplifiers for real signal bit streams

Liang Xing, Li Zhan, Lilin Yi, Yuxing Xia

Published Jan 1, 2007• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a theoretical analysis of the slow-light tunable optical buffers based on fiber Brillouin amplifiers (FBA). Its storage capacity was discussed for return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) bit streams. Gain saturation and pulse broadening are two key factors which limit the buffer capacity. Gain saturation is an inherent characteristic of the FBA. Broadening of the amplified pulse always accumulates with increasing gain owing to the dispersion during stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process. It is shown that the maximum buffer capacity varies with data bit rate and for continuous wave (CW) or quasi-CW pump it is 0.53 and 1.04 bit for RZ and NRZ respectively. Also, the optimum data bit rate to achieve the best storage capacity is obtained.

DOI
10.1364/oe.15.010189

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We present a theoretical analysis of the slow-light tunable optical buffers based on fiber Brillouin amplifiers (FBA). Its storage capacity was discussed for return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) bit streams. Gain saturation and pulse broadening are two key factors which limit the buffer capacity. Gain saturation is an inherent characteristic of the FBA. Broadening of the amplified pulse always accumulates with increasing gain owing to the dispersion during stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process. It is shown that the maximum buffer capacity varies with data bit rate and for continuous wave (CW) or quasi-CW pump it is 0.53 and 1.04 bit for RZ and NRZ respectively. Also, the optimum data bit rate to achieve the best storage capacity is obtained.
A high-power low-noise fiber Brillouin amplifier (FBA) has been demonstrated for slow-light delay buffer. Its features including gain, gain saturation, and noise figure (NF), have been characterized. Among them, the gain saturation is highlighted because it is a fundamental limitation for FBA-based slow-light buffer. It is testified that the gain saturation is more easily achieved for lower signal-to-pump ratio (SPR), and the NF is reduced at higher pump level when below Brillouin threshold. The experiment demonstrated that up to 20-ns delay enhancement could be obtained in this high-power FBA for a -30-dBm input signal, as well as with low NF. Besides, the analysis on how the performance of the high power FBA affects the slow-light delay buffer has been presented.
The core elements of optical packet-switched networks rely on optical routers. A key technology for the realization of such components is the variable delay and storage of optical data packets. Optical Memories are used for tasks, such as packet buffering for collision avoidance and synchronization, as well as processing of headers in optical routers. The quasi-light storage (QLS) is a method for the variable and almost distortion free optical data storage, which can be realized within the entire transparency range of optical fibers with standard telecommunication components. QLS is based on the time-frequency-coherence and utilizes stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) for filtering the spectrum of the data signal. Due to the natural bandwidth of the SBS, the maximum storage time of the QLS is limited to 100 ns. By reducing the bandwidth, the storage time can be significantly increased. There exist some approaches for reducing the SBS bandwidth. Firstly, the Brillouin gain can be superimposed with two losses and secondly, an aperture in the frequency range can be used. Both methods achieve a SBS bandwidth of about 3 MHz, but have some disadvantages when applied to the QLS. For the superposition method, the overall gain is too low, and for the other method the aperture cannot be separated from the signal. In this paper we show the reduction of the Brillouin gain bandwidth through a feedback system. The sampled signal passes several times through the system, so that the Brillouin gain bandwidth is reduced. This leads to a drastic increase of the QLS storage time. In a first experiment with single pulses, a maximum storage time of 600 ns was achieved, which corresponds to a sixfold increase compared to a normal system QLS.
Slow light due to stimulated Brillouin scattering in fibers is a promising technique to realize all-optical data storage and synchronization. For delaying high-speed data, we demonstrate an approach to solve the problem of narrowband Brillouin gain by phase-modulating the Brillouin pump. The bit rate of the phase-modulating signal determines the Brillouin gain bandwidth. A 1.25-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero pseudorandom binary sequence data is delayed by 520 ps with a phase-modulated pump operating at 2.5-Gb/s bit rate. We have also observed the pattern-dependent delay and distortion of the data caused by the filtering characteristics of Brillouin amplification, and we have suppressed the distortion by detuning the carrier of the signal away from the Brillouin gain peak
We study numerically all-optical slow-light delays in room-temperature single-mode optical fibers induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering. We consider the propagation of a pulse through a cw-pumped Brillouin fiber amplifier, where the carrier frequency of the pulse is tuned near the Stokes resonance. Pulse delay and broadening of the Stokes pulse are studied in the small-signal and gain-saturation regimes. Pulse delay is shown to be limited by saturation of the Brillouin amplifier. In the small-signal regime, both time delay and pulse broadening increase with increasing gain. In the gain-saturation regime, both time delay and broadening decrease with increasing gain, and the pulse even achieves advancement. Time delay of more than one pulse-width is observed with modest pulse distortion, and over one pulse-width advancement can be obtained with larger pulse distortion in the gain-saturation regime.
The manipulation of the group velocity of optical signals (slow and fast light) has many possible applications in telecommunications, sensing, nonlinear optics, and so on. The exploitation of the effect of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is of special interest for the alteration of the group velocity in optical fibers, since it just requires standard telecom equipment and low-to-moderate optical power. However, each delay in one single, low-gain SBS-based slow-light system is accompanied by a pulse broadening. This is a result of the inherent Kramers–Kronig relations among the gain, the phase change, and the accompanied group velocity. For an ideal flat gain, the phase change is nonideal, and for an ideal phase change the gain curve leads to a broadening. Furthermore, if the gain bandwidth is adapted to the signal by broadening, the delay will be reduced. Thus the signal broadening can be reduced by several methods for one single low-gain slow-light system, but it cannot be zero. Here, we will show how a zero-broadening SBS-based slow light can be achieved with several methods. The basic idea is a reshaping of the original pulse in a second stage by saturation of the SBS system, or by the superposition of two gains. As will be shown, all of these systems show an almost ideal overall gain and phase function over the bandwidth of the pulses. Thus, SBS-based slow light with a delay bandwidth product of 1 bit and zero distortion is possible.