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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Fractional-dimensional Fock spaces, second quantization, and dynamical interaction of particles with Haldane’s exclusion statistics

Kirill Ilinski, J. M. F. Gunn, A. V. Ilinskaia

Published Feb 1, 1996• 6 citations

Abstract

We propose that the notion of Haldane's dimension and the corresponding statistics be treated in a probabilistic spirit. Motivated by the experience of dimensional regularization, the dimension of a space is defined as a trace of a diagonal ``unit operator'' where the diagonal matrix elements are not in unity in general but are probabilities to find a system in a given state. These probabilities are then uniquely defined by the rules of Haldane's statistics. The partition function for an ideal gas of the particles, a state-counting procedure, the entropy and a distribution function for this probabilistic definition are investigated and compared with previous works in the context of g particles. The corresponding creation and annihilation operators are introduced and Hamiltonians for interacting g particles are constructed. The stability of the thermodynamical properties of a gas of particles with exclusion statistics under the influence of hopping (or scattering) between states is investigated. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.2615

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We propose that the notion of Haldane's dimension and the corresponding statistics be treated in a probabilistic spirit. Motivated by the experience of dimensional regularization, the dimension of a space is defined as a trace of a diagonal ``unit operator'' where the diagonal matrix elements are not in unity in general but are probabilities to find a system in a given state. These probabilities are then uniquely defined by the rules of Haldane's statistics. The partition function for an ideal gas of the particles, a state-counting procedure, the entropy and a distribution function for this probabilistic definition are investigated and compared with previous works in the context of g particles. The corresponding creation and annihilation operators are introduced and Hamiltonians for interacting g particles are constructed. The stability of the thermodynamical properties of a gas of particles with exclusion statistics under the influence of hopping (or scattering) between states is investigated. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

We calculate the partition function of a gas of particles obeying Haldane exclusion statistics, using a definition of a Hilbert space having a `fractional dimension' and constructing appropriate coherent states. The fractional dimension is expressed though the form of the identity operator in the Hilbert space. We find that there many possible generalisations of the Pauli exclusion principle, with particular choices of the scalar product leading to consistency either with Haldane's original definition of the effective dimensionality of the Hilbert space or with the combinatorial procedure invoked by Haldane and Wu. We explicitly demonstrate that at low particle densities these definitions are equivalent.

I discuss Haldane's concept of generalized exclusion statistics (1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 937) and show that it leads to inconsistencies in the calculation of the particle distribution that maximizes the partition function. These inconsistencies appear when mutual exclusion statistics is manifested between different subspecies of particles in the system. In order to eliminate these inconsistencies, I introduce new mutual exclusion statistics parameters, which are proportional to the dimension of the Hilbert subspace on which they act. These new definitions lead to properly defined particle distributions and thermodynamic properties. In another paper ( Preprint 0710.0728), I show that the fractional exclusion statistics manifested in general systems with interaction have these, physically consistent, statistics parameters.

We study exclusion statistics within the second quantized approach. We consider operator algebras with positive definite Fock space and restrict them in a such a way that certain state vectors in Fock space are forbidden ab initio.We describe three characteristic examples of such exclusion, namely exclusion on the base space which is characterized by states with specific constraint on quantum numbers belonging to base space M (e.g. Calogero-Sutherland type of exclusion statistics), exclusion in the single-oscillator Fock space, where some states in single oscillator Fock space are forbidden (e.g. the Gentile realization of exclusion statistics) and a combination of these two exclusions (e.g. Green's realization of para-Fermi statistics). For these types of exclusions we discuss extended Haldane statistics parameters g, recently introduced by two of us in Mod.Phys.Lett.A 11, 3081 (1996), and associated counting rules. Within these three types of exclusions in Fock space the original Haldane exclusion statistics cannot be realized.

The thermodynamics of two-species gases described by the Haldane exclusion statistics is investigated. I use the high-temperature perturbation to find the third Virial coefficient for the gas in an arbitrary dimension. The perturbative result indicates that the two-dimensional thermodynamic potential becomes the linear function of the element of the Haldane statistics matrix, if the matrix is symmetric and particle mass is species independent. I also present a nonperturbative method to prove this factorizable property and an exact expression of the thermodynamic potential is suggested.

I discuss ideal and interacting quantum gases obeying general fractional exclusion statistics. For systems with constant density of single-particle states, described in the mean field approximation, the entropy depends neither on the microscopic exclusion statistics, nor on the interaction. Such systems are called thermodynamically equivalent and I show that the microscopic reason for this equivalence is a one-to-one correspondence between the excited states of these systems. This provides a method, different from the bosonization technique, of transforming between systems of different exclusion statistics. In the last section the macroscopic aspects of this method are discussed. In appendix A, I calculate the fluctuation of the ground-state population of a condensed Bose gas in a grand-canonical ensemble and mean field approximation, while in appendix B I show a situation where although the system exhibits fractional exclusion properties on microscopic energy intervals, a rigorous calculation of the population of single-particle states reveals a condensation phenomenon. This also implies a malfunction of the usual and simplified calculation technique of the most probable statistical distributions.