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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference

Deterministic ion-photon interaction in a cavity

Matthias Keller, Gerhard R. Guthöhrlein, Birgit Lange, W. Lange, HERBERT WALTHER, K. Hayasaka

Published Jun 25, 2003• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. In a recent experiment, we have investigated the interaction between a single /sup 40/Ca/sup +/-ion stored in a radio-frequency trap and the field of an optical cavity. One mode of the cavity was tuned to the S/sub 1/2/ to P/sub 1/2/ transition of singly ionized calcium at a wavelength of /spl lambda/ = 397 nm. Using laser Doppler cooling in conjunction with the strong confinement of the ion in an effective harmonic potential (frequency 1.1 MHz), the extension of the ion's wave packet was reduced to 60 nm, corresponding to /spl lambda//7, in the direction of the cavity axis. The position of the ion in the cavity was determined by observing the fluorescent light emitted by the ion after excitation in the cavity field. A large fluorescent rate indicated a position of high intracavity intensity. An image of the standing wave pattern obtained in this way is shown. Note that throughout the measurement the ion remains stationary and the cavity is moved to scan the relative position of ion and field.

DOI
10.1109/qels.2002.1031008

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arXiv:quant-ph/0202112•Physical Review Letters•Aug 13, 2002•304 citations
Summary form only given. In a recent experiment, we have investigated the interaction between a single /sup 40/Ca/sup +/-ion stored in a radio-frequency trap and the field of an optical cavity. One mode of the cavity was tuned to the S/sub 1/2/ to P/sub 1/2/ transition of singly ionized calcium at a wavelength of /spl lambda/ = 397 nm. Using laser Doppler cooling in conjunction with the strong confinement of the ion in an effective harmonic potential (frequency 1.1 MHz), the extension of the ion's wave packet was reduced to 60 nm, corresponding to /spl lambda//7, in the direction of the cavity axis. The position of the ion in the cavity was determined by observing the fluorescent light emitted by the ion after excitation in the cavity field. A large fluorescent rate indicated a position of high intracavity intensity. An image of the standing wave pattern obtained in this way is shown. Note that throughout the measurement the ion remains stationary and the cavity is moved to scan the relative position of ion and field.
We have employed radio-frequency trapping to localize a single 40 Ca + -ion in a high-finesse optical cavity. By means of laser Doppler cooling, the position spread of the ion's wavefunction along the cavity axis was reduced to 42 nm, a fraction of the resonance wavelength of ionized calcium (λ = 397 nm). By controlling the position of the ion in the optical field, continuous and completely deterministic coupling of ion and field was realized. The precise three-dimensional location of the ion in the cavity was measured by observing the fluorescent light emitted upon excitation in the cavity field. The single-ion system is ideally suited to implement cavity quantum electrodynamics under cw conditions. To this end we operate the cavity on the D 3/2 –P 1/2 transition of 40 Ca + (λ = 866 nm). Applications include the controlled generation of single-photon pulses with high efficiency and two-ion quantum gates.
Summary form only given. Recently, cavity QED has produced spectacular advances exploiting the interaction of atoms and photons. A prominent example is the observation of atomic trajectories via the cavity field. In some cases however, the well determined atom-field coupling in those experiments is offset by the lack of control over the motion of the atom. This is detrimental, for example, to the implementation of deterministic dynamics in the system, since neither the arrival time nor the position (and hence the strength of interaction) of an atom is known in advance. These problems are avoided when a single trapped ion interacts with the optical field, as is the case in our cavity-QED system. For coupling to the optical field, we have chosen the D/sub 3/2/ to P/sub 1/2/ transition in /sup 40/Ca/sup +/.
Summary form only given. Among the ions proposed for a frequency standard in the optical domain, Ca/sup +/ is one of the most favorable candidates due to its wavelengths accessible with all-solid-state laser systems. This allows to imagine an ultimate experimental setup being simple and compact. The 4S/sub 1/2/-3D/sub 5/2/ electric quadrupole transition at 729 nm with a natural linewidth below 1 Hz serves as clock transition, while laser cooling on one of the resonance lines is carried out at 397 nm. To obtain the small spectral linewidths necessary for a frequency standard performance, it is essential to reduce the residual Doppler broadening caused by the RF heating in the Paul trap. The first-order Doppler broadening of a single ion can be eliminated in the Lamb-Dicke regime where the ion's amplitude of motion is inferior to the emitted wavelength. The main condition for the access of this frequency modulation regime is a high motional frequency of the trapped ion. This is more easily obtained in a low capacitance device and thus traps with reduced dimensions are required. We have set up a miniature ion trap of the Paul-Straubel-type. The stored ions are observed by a photomultiplier in the photon-counting mode as well as by an intensified CCD camera, permitting the visualization of their spatial behavior. Laser cooling of the Ca/sup +/ ions is carried out on the 4S/sub 1/2/-4P/sup 1/2/ resonance line at 397 nm. Progress on the characterization of the trapped single ion as well as on the generation of the involved wavelengths exclusively by solid-state lasers is reported.
The paper reports on the single-photon pulses produced using a single /sup 40/Ca/sup +/-ion stored in a radio-frequency trap localizing the ion well in the Lamb-Dicke regime. In this case, the temporal structure of each single-photon pulse is determined exclusively by the shape of the pump pulse. The examples presented show the perfect correspondence of the measured pulse shapes with a theoretical model of single-photon emission from the system. The properties of the single photons continuously emitted from the cavity over times on the order of hours are reported and ways to further enhance the efficiency of the source are also presented.
The quadrupole S(1/2)-D(5/2) optical transition of a single trapped Ca+ ion, well suited for encoding a quantum bit of information, is coherently coupled to the standing wave field of a high finesse cavity. The coupling is verified by observing the ion's response to both spatial and temporal variations of the intracavity field. We also achieve deterministic coupling of the cavity mode to the ion's vibrational state by selectively exciting vibrational state-changing transitions and by controlling the position of the ion in the standing wave field with nanometer precision.