In the framework of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs), a measurement in one basis gives no information about the outcomes of measurements in another basis. Here we relax the no-information condition by allowing the
d outcomes to be predicted according to a predefined probability distribution $q=({q}_{0},...,{q}_{d\ensuremath{-}1})$. The notion of mutual unbiasedness, however, is preserved by requiring that the extracted information is the same for any preparation and any measurement; regardless of which state from which basis is chosen to prepare the system, the outcomes of measuring the system with respect to the other basis generate the same probability distribution. In light of this, we define the notion of mutually equibiased bases (MEBs) such that within each basis the states are equibiased with respect to the states of the other basis and that the bases are mutually equibiased with respect to each other. For
d=2,3, we derive a set of
d+1 MEBs. The mutual equibiasedness imposes nontrivial constraints on the distribution
q, leading, for
d=3, to the restriction $1/3\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\le}1/2$, where $\ensuremath{\mu}={\ensuremath{\sum}}_{k=0}^{2}{q}_{k}^{2}$. To capture the incompatibility of the measurements in MEBs, we derive an inequality for the probabilities of projective measurements in a qudit system, which yields an associated entropic uncertainty inequality. Finally, we construct a class of positive maps and their associated entanglement witnesses based on MEBs. While an entanglement witness constructed from MUBs is generally finer than one based on MEBs when both use the same number of bases, for certain values of the index $\ensuremath{\mu}$, employing a larger set of MEBs can yield a finer witness. We illustrate this behavior using isotropic states of a $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3$ system. Our results reveal that not all bases in a set of
L MEBs can contribute to the entanglement detection. A constraint, dependent on the probability distribution
q, limits the number of MEBs that can be employed.
We study a general quantum key distribution protocol in higher dimension. In this protocol, quantum states in arbitrary
g+1 ($1\ensuremath{\le}g\ensuremath{\le}d$) out of all
d+1 mutually unbiased bases in a
d-dimensional system can be used for the key encoding. This provides a natural generalization of the quantum key distribution in higher dimension and recovers the previously known results for
g=1 and
d. In our investigation, we study Eve's attack by two slightly different approaches. One is considering the optimal cloner of Eve, and the other, defined as the optimal attack, is maximizing Eve's information. We derive results for both approaches and show the deviation of the optimal cloner from the optimal attack. With our systematic investigation of the quantum key distribution protocols in higher dimension, one may balance the security gain and the implementation cost by changing the number of bases in the key encoding. As a side product, we also prove the equivalency between the optimal phase covariant quantum cloning machine and the optimal cloner for the $g=d\ensuremath{-}1$ quantum key distribution.