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IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting (LEOS)

Amplified spontaneous emission at dense wavelength-division multiplexing regime: direct detection of photon statistics

Paolo Martelli, Silvia Maria Pietralunga, Mario Martinelli

Published Jun 25, 2003• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Photon statistics of amplified spontaneous emission noise has been measured by direct detection, confirming the Bose-Einstein distribution in the few-modes regime, as characteristic of dense wavelength-division multiplexing optical systems, up to the single-mode condition.
DOI
10.1109/leos.2002.1133969

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The photon statistics of amplified spontaneous emission in the few-modes regime and in single mode, conditions that are typical of dense wavelength-division multiplexing transmission, have been experimentally proved by direct detection. The dependence of the degeneracy factor for the Bose-Einstein distribution on the degree of second-order coherence of light is stated. The theoretical dependence of the number of amplified spontaneous emission modes on the ratio between the optical channel and the detector bandwidths has also been confirmed by experiments, thus quantifying the loss of validity of asymptotic approximations when they are extended to the few-modes regime.
The recently developed method of optical homodyne tomography (OHT) allows one to obtain the photon statistics of a single mode with single-photon resolution. Recently, we used OHT to prove the Bose Einstein distribution (BED) character of parametric fluorescence. In general, in an OHT setup, a weak signal beam is mixed on a 50/50 beamsplitter with a strong local oscillator beam of the same polarization and spatio-temporal mode. In this paper, we apply OHT to show, we believe for the first time, that ASE noise of a single mode in an EDFA is Bose-Einstein distributed.
Intensity fluctuation characteristics of amplified-spontaneous emission are found using intensity rate equations and the noise-amplifier approximation for saturation coupling between two and four competing modes. The existence of more than one mode leads to the retention of relatively large fluctuations in each mode even as the amplifier gain is saturated, an operating regime which by contrast has been shown to reduce significantly the fluctuations when only a single beam is present. The noise-amplifier approximation is found to be an adequate approximation of the effects of the spontaneous emission distributed along the length of a laser amplifier. The intensity fluctuations in all cases approach limiting distributions functions as the amplifier becomes heavily saturated. Characteristics of these limiting distributions are found for one, two, and four beams; for combinations of beams copropagating and counterpropagating; in the presence and absence of loss; for differences in gain; and for saturation of the sources due to high intensities.