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Efficient Quantum Signature and Its Application in On-line Quantum Payment System

Qin Li, Dongyang Long, Changji Wang

Published Jun 3, 2008• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Two arbitrated quantum signature schemes, one with message recovery and the other with appendix, are proposed. The two proposed schemes need not prepare quantum entanglement states, do not require comparing qubits, only require von Neumann measurement, and have a significant property that both the signatory and the receiver can share and use a long-term secret key with the arbitrator by utilizing the key together with a random number. In addition, the proposed scheme with message recovery can ensure the confidentiality of the message and achieve a higher transmission efficiency, while the proposed scheme with appendix can sign classical messages of any length by using the hash function to generate digests. Therefore, the efficiency of the two proposed schemes are greatly improved. Furthermore, we applies the quantum signature to quantum payment and propose an on-line quantum payment system.

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Two arbitrated quantum signature schemes, one with message recovery and the other with appendix, are proposed. The two proposed schemes need not prepare quantum entanglement states, do not require comparing qubits, only require von Neumann measurement, and have a significant property that both the signatory and the receiver can share and use a long-term secret key with the arbitrator by utilizing the key together with a random number. In addition, the proposed scheme with message recovery can ensure the confidentiality of the message and achieve a higher transmission efficiency, while the proposed scheme with appendix can sign classical messages of any length by using the hash function to generate digests. Therefore, the efficiency of the two proposed schemes are greatly improved. Furthermore, we applies the quantum signature to quantum payment and propose an on-line quantum payment system.
In this paper, an efficient arbitrated quantum signature scheme is proposed by combining quantum cryptographic techniques and some ideas in classical cryptography. In the presented scheme, the signatory and the receiver can share a long-term secret key with the arbitrator by utilizing the key together with a random number. While in previous quantum signature schemes, the key shared between the signatory and the arbitrator or between the receiver and the arbitrator could be used only once, and thus each time when a signatory needs to sign, the signatory and the receiver have to obtain a new key shared with the arbitrator through a quantum key distribution protocol. Detailed theoretical analysis shows that the proposed scheme is efficient and provably secure.
In the most arbitrated quantum signatures (AQSs), the signers and verifiers need to perform the quantum key distribution protocols or some other protocols to share secret keys before signing a signature. In some schemes, the entangle states, which are not easily implemented, have to be prepared and distributed among the partners. Based on single photon and one-way functions, a new AQS scheme without entangled states is proposed. In our scheme, the signer generates a quantum signature on the classical message with his/her private key and the one-way function. The arbitrator communicates with the signer through a classical unencrypted channel. The signer and verifier need not perform the key distribution protocol before signing a message. On the other hand, without entangled states, our scheme can reduce the complexity of implementation. Then, our scheme is more efficient than the similar schemes. At the same time, our scheme is secure against forgery attack and disavowal attack.
An efficient quantum signature protocol of classical messages which was based on quantum one-time pad and quantum key distribution was presented.The classical messages of any length could be encoded into the quantum infor-mation of determinate length because hash function was used to generate message digests.Especially for a large number of messages,the length of shared keys and the number of qubits were greatly shortened in the present protocol.Moreover,it was unnecessary for the protocol to use entangled states and only von Neumann measurement was needed.Compared with other quantum signature protocols,the efficiency of the present quantum signature protocol was greatly improved.
A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. For signing quantum messages, some arbitrated quantum signature schemes have being proposed. However, in the existing literature, arbitrated quantum signature schemes depend on entanglement. In this paper, we present two arbitrated quantum signature schemes without utilizing entangled states in the signing phase and the verifying phase. The first proposed scheme can preserve the merits in the existing schemes. Then, we point out, in this scheme and the prior schemes, there exists a problem that Bob can repudiate the integrality of the signatures. To conquer this problem, we construct another arbitrated quantum signature scheme without using quantum entangled states but using a public board. The new scheme has three advantages: it does not utilize entangled states while it can preserve all merits in the existing schemes; the integrality of the signature can avoid being disavowed by the receiver; and, it provides a higher efficiency in transmission and reduces the complexity of implementation. Furthermore, we present a technique such that the quantum message can keep secret to the arbitrator in a arbitrated quantum signature scheme.
In this paper, based on multi-arbitrators and the product states, a new quantum signature scheme (QSS) is proposed. In our scheme, two arbitrators are used to share private keys with the signer. The signer encodes the bit message into orthogonal product states, which are locally indistinguishable. Then, to produce the signature, the signer signs the product states with the key-controlled Hadamard operator and Y operator. Our scheme has the good virtues as follows. First, our signature not only has the security property of unforgeability, but also has the property of strong non-repudiation. Second, when signing a message and verifying a signature, the partners do not need to prepare or transmit any entangled particle. Third, the partners do not need to perform the state comparison algorithm. Fourth, the signer does not need to share any private key with the signature verifier. For our scheme, the signer only shares two private keys with the arbitrators. At last, in our scheme, the repudiation can be flexibly solved. Compared with the other schemes with semi-trusted arbitrator, ours has better performances in security, practicability and efficiency.