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Journal of Communications

Efficient quantum signature protocol of classical messages

Chaojing Tang

Published Jan 1, 2007• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

An efficient quantum signature protocol of classical messages which was based on quantum one-time pad and quantum key distribution was presented.The classical messages of any length could be encoded into the quantum infor-mation of determinate length because hash function was used to generate message digests.Especially for a large number of messages,the length of shared keys and the number of qubits were greatly shortened in the present protocol.Moreover,it was unnecessary for the protocol to use entangled states and only von Neumann measurement was needed.Compared with other quantum signature protocols,the efficiency of the present quantum signature protocol was greatly improved.

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An efficient quantum signature protocol of classical messages which was based on quantum one-time pad and quantum key distribution was presented.The classical messages of any length could be encoded into the quantum infor-mation of determinate length because hash function was used to generate message digests.Especially for a large number of messages,the length of shared keys and the number of qubits were greatly shortened in the present protocol.Moreover,it was unnecessary for the protocol to use entangled states and only von Neumann measurement was needed.Compared with other quantum signature protocols,the efficiency of the present quantum signature protocol was greatly improved.
Two arbitrated quantum signature schemes, one with message recovery and the other with appendix, are proposed. The two proposed schemes need not prepare quantum entanglement states, do not require comparing qubits, only require von Neumann measurement, and have a significant property that both the signatory and the receiver can share and use a long-term secret key with the arbitrator by utilizing the key together with a random number. In addition, the proposed scheme with message recovery can ensure the confidentiality of the message and achieve a higher transmission efficiency, while the proposed scheme with appendix can sign classical messages of any length by using the hash function to generate digests. Therefore, the efficiency of the two proposed schemes are greatly improved. Furthermore, we applies the quantum signature to quantum payment and propose an on-line quantum payment system.
In the most arbitrated quantum signatures (AQSs), the signers and verifiers need to perform the quantum key distribution protocols or some other protocols to share secret keys before signing a signature. In some schemes, the entangle states, which are not easily implemented, have to be prepared and distributed among the partners. Based on single photon and one-way functions, a new AQS scheme without entangled states is proposed. In our scheme, the signer generates a quantum signature on the classical message with his/her private key and the one-way function. The arbitrator communicates with the signer through a classical unencrypted channel. The signer and verifier need not perform the key distribution protocol before signing a message. On the other hand, without entangled states, our scheme can reduce the complexity of implementation. Then, our scheme is more efficient than the similar schemes. At the same time, our scheme is secure against forgery attack and disavowal attack.
Quantum signature combines quantum theory with classical digital signature. The main goal of this field is to take advantage of quantum effects to provide unconditionally secure signature. We present a quantum signature scheme with message recovery without using entangle effect. The most important property of the present scheme is that it is not necessary for the scheme to use Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. The security of the scheme relies on the quantum one-time pad and quantum key distribution. The efficiency analysis shows that the proposed scheme is an efficient scheme
Classical messages can be authenticated by traditional authentication protocols based on hash functions.The security of these protocols depends on long authentication keys, the selection of appropriate hash functions and some assumptions concerning the computational complexity of some algorithms.In this paper, by encoding the classical binary messages and binary keys as nonorthogonal quantum messages and nonorthogonal sets of states, respectively, and using quantum encrypting scheme, a new quantum authentication protocol is proposed.In our protocol, instead of entangled quantum states, the traditional binary bits, which can be easily saved, are encoded as quantum keys.Because the quantum messages are nonorthogonal, any forgery or measurement on the quantum messages will be detected with a certain probability.Our protocol allows the authentication of binary classical messages in a secure manner.
Quantum authentication protocols can be used to authenticate both quantum messages and classical messages.In this paper, a new quantum authentication protocol of classical messages is proposed.In our protocol, a sequence of Bell states is shared by the message sender and the corresponding receiver.This sequence is used as the authentication key.Four different unitary operations U 0 , U 1 , U 2 and U 3 are used to encode a classical message m and its hash value h(m) into a sequence of Bell states.To authenticate the classical message, the message receiver extracts m and h(m) from the qubits owned by himself/herself, and verifies whether h(m) matches m.The adversary's disturbance to the quantum channel can be detected by checking whether h(m) matches m.The transmitted message has the properties of both secrecy and authentication.Our quantum authentication protocol is secure against message attack and no-message attack.
Quantum authentication protocol can be used to authenticate classical messages in a secure manner. In this paper, by using the cryptographic hash function and non-orthogonal qubits, a quantum authentication protocol of classical messages is proposed. In our protocol, the classical messages and their corresponding tags are encoded as nonorthogonal qubits. The message receiver decodes the classical messages and their corresponding tags from the received qubits by using the authentication key. To verify the validity of the received classical messages, the message receiver verifies whether the hash values of the decoded classical messages are equal to the corresponding tags. Our scheme can be proved to be secure against forgery attack and measurement attack. On the other hand, the authentication key is a binary string, which can be securely obtained and easily saved. What is more, because the authentication key remains secure after executing the authentication protocol, it provides the possibility of reusing the authentication key.