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Final Report

High Temperature Superconducting Josephson Junction Array Systems Phase 1

J. Martens, A. Pance, K. Char, Marie E. Johansson, Stephen R. Whiteley

Published Jan 25, 1994• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

High temperature superconducting Josephson arrays were investigated as possible millimeter wave sources. A junction technology was selected and improved to the point where radiation, near 1 microwatt off-chip, was measured from a variety of 2-dimensional arrays in the 70-160 GHz range. The arrays were tunable and were successfully coupled to a number of antennas for broadband, tunable transmission. Antennas for a variety of specific applications were selected on the basis of bandwidth requirements, impedance levels, polarization, and the possibility of sufficient monolithic integration. The final part of the program was a study of potential subsystems that would utilize these arrays. Interchip communications transceivers were studied and interchip coupling was demonstrated using two antenna-coupled arrays. The most promising application may be a monolithic clock source, near 100 GHz, for communications and signal processing systems. Josephson arrays, mm-wave sources.

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High temperature superconducting Josephson Junction array systems. Phase 1. Final report, 1 July-31 December 1993

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Final Report•Apr 30, 1994•0 citations
High temperature superconducting Josephson arrays were investigated as possible millimeter wave sources. A junction technology was selected and improved to the point where radiation, near 1 microwatt off-chip, was measured from a variety of 2-dimensional arrays in the 70-160 GHz range. The arrays were tunable and were successfully coupled to a number of antennas for broadband, tunable transmission. Antennas for a variety of specific applications were selected on the basis of bandwidth requirements, impedance levels, polarization, and the possibility of sufficient monolithic integration. The final part of the program was a study of potential subsystems that would utilize these arrays. Interchip communications transceivers were studied and interchip coupling was demonstrated using two antenna-coupled arrays. The most promising application may be a monolithic clock source, near 100 GHz, for communications and signal processing systems. Josephson arrays, mm-wave sources.
High temperature superconducting Josephson arrays were investigated as possible millimeter wave sources. A junction technology was selected and improved to the point where radiation, near 1 microwatt off-chip, was measured from a variety of 2-dimensional arrays in the 70-160 GHz range. The arrays were tunable and were successfully coupled to a number of antennas for broadband, tunable transmission. Antennas for a variety of specific applications were selected on the basis of bandwidth requirements, impedance levels, polarization, and the possibility of sufficient monolithic integration. The final part of the program was a study of potential subsystems that would utilize these arrays. Interchip communications transceivers were studied and interchip coupling was demonstrated using two antenna-coupled arrays. The most promising application may be a monolithic clock source, near 100 GHz, for communications and signal processing systems.
Josephson junction arrays have long been suggested as efficient, tunable sources for upper microwave and mm-wave frequencies. Based on the fundamental properties of the junction and the ability to combine the power output of many junctions using an array, the circuit concept is quite promising. The challenge is to phase lock the junctions so that power adds coherently and a number of demonstrations with Nb junction arrays have been performed doing this. This program was intended to begin using YBCO junction arrays to demonstrate source potential at 77K. Edge junctions have been used in arrays with up to 60000 junctions and the ability to couple power off-chip has been demonstrated directly for frequencies of at least 70-160 GHz. Power outputs have approached 1 micro W (in relatively narrow bands) and tunability has exceeded 20 GHz. Some novel array architectures have been built, including one with improved linewidth per unit junction, and new techniques developed for extracting junction statistics from array spectra. These techniques are used as feedback for process optimizations now in progress.
Josephson junction arrays could be competitive candidates for radiation sources in the frequency range from 0.5 to 1.5 THz. This is the range where compact solid-state continuous wave sources are most lacking. We investigated the millimeter-wave radiation from arrays of high-temperature superconductor bicrystal Josephson junctions embedded in a quasi-optical resonator. The novel approach of utilizing the intrinsic resonance modes of the substrate to improve the impedance coupling between the series array of discrete Josephson junctions and the quasi-optical resonator was investigated by experiments and electromagnetic field simulations. Radiation from the arrays containing up to 536 junctions was detected at about 80 GHz and liquid nitrogen temperature using a low-noise receiver. The detected maximum radiation power of the arrays was about 50 pW and the peak voltage agreed exactly with the Josephson current–voltage relation.
This report results from a contract tasking University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as follows: contractor will investigate novel designs of triangular Josephson Junction arrays attempting to improve the high-frequency performance of the arrays in two ways; first, increase the operation frequencies and second, increase the output power of the millimeter-band radiation to level enabling practical application of the arrays. Three approaches will be investigated. First, trimming of currents at the array edges is expected to stabilize coherent oscillations and increase the operation margins (output power). Second, it appears promising to set up a traveling wave in a transmission line that contains an array comparable with the wavelength. Third, testing dipole-like active antennas to couple radiation out from arrays is a high priority task for emission in free space at high frequencies. The contractor will experimentally verify the above concepts by designing new circuits and performing experiments with Nb/AOx/Nb Josephson Junction arrays. For these experiments, the contractor will use a millimeter-wave band receiver as well an on-chip detection circuits up to 300 GHz. Spatially-resolved measurements using low temperature scanning laser microscopy will be performed in order to monitor array dynamics at the junction level. Furthermore, the contractor intends to design a dipole antenna and test it with an integrated receiver in 400-500 GHz frequency range. For this purpose, improvements for a flux-flow oscillator as a local oscillator may be needed. Finally, the contractor will perform experiments with shunted junction arrays in order to simulate intrinsically overdamped high-Tc junctions and explore a possibility of using high Tc layered junctions for oscillator application
The goal of this program was to demonstrate a Quasioptical Josephson Oscillator with Integrated Tuning Elements using standard Conductus niobium technology. This device is based on a novel approach that incorporates integrated tuning and impedance-matching structures at every Josephson junction/ antenna pair. The device has been designed, fabricated and successfully tested. A new, unit cell has been devised, incorporating a sub-array of 1 to 16 Josephson junctions. Microstrip transformers are used locally between each sub- array and its antenna. The oscillator with 110 Josephson junctions and bow-tie antennas was found to radiate close to its maximum available power at 115 GHz. The on-chip SIS radiation detector has detected 2.64 nW of power. The oscillator was tuned across 19 GHz, or 16% of fractional bandwidth, in reasonable agreement with the predicted value of 19%. This is the first demonstration of a distributed array Josephson oscillator, where each junction feeds its own antenna and phase-locks to the radiation of other junctions. It is also the first demonstration of using integrated microstrip tuning and impedance matching elements at every Josephson junction of an oscillator. Finally, this is the first distributed Josephson oscillator reported to date that appears to radiate close to its maximum available power. Submillimeter, Oscillators, Antenna arrays, Superconducting electronics, Quasioptical.