This report results from a contract tasking University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as follows: contractor will investigate novel designs of triangular Josephson Junction arrays attempting to improve the high-frequency performance of the arrays in two ways; first, increase the operation frequencies and second, increase the output power of the millimeter-band radiation to level enabling practical application of the arrays. Three approaches will be investigated. First, trimming of currents at the array edges is expected to stabilize coherent oscillations and increase the operation margins (output power). Second, it appears promising to set up a traveling wave in a transmission line that contains an array comparable with the wavelength. Third, testing dipole-like active antennas to couple radiation out from arrays is a high priority task for emission in free space at high frequencies. The contractor will experimentally verify the above concepts by designing new circuits and performing experiments with Nb/AOx/Nb Josephson Junction arrays. For these experiments, the contractor will use a millimeter-wave band receiver as well an on-chip detection circuits up to 300 GHz. Spatially-resolved measurements using low temperature scanning laser microscopy will be performed in order to monitor array dynamics at the junction level. Furthermore, the contractor intends to design a dipole antenna and test it with an integrated receiver in 400-500 GHz frequency range. For this purpose, improvements for a flux-flow oscillator as a local oscillator may be needed. Finally, the contractor will perform experiments with shunted junction arrays in order to simulate intrinsically overdamped high-Tc junctions and explore a possibility of using high Tc layered junctions for oscillator application
This report results from a contract tasking University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as follows: contractor will investigate novel designs of triangular Josephson Junction arrays attempting to improve the high-frequency performance of the arrays in two ways; first, increase the operation frequencies and second, increase the output power of the millimeter-band radiation to level enabling practical application of the arrays. Three approaches will be investigated. First, trimming of currents at the array edges is expected to stabilize coherent oscillations and increase the operation margins (output power). Second, it appears promising to set up a traveling wave in a transmission line that contains an array comparable with the wavelength. Third, testing dipole-like active antennas to couple radiation out from arrays is a high priority task for emission in free space at high frequencies. The contractor will experimentally verify the above concepts by designing new circuits and performing experiments with Nb/AOx/Nb Josephson Junction arrays. For these experiments, the contractor will use a millimeter-wave band receiver as well an on-chip detection circuits up to 300 GHz. Spatially-resolved measurements using low temperature scanning laser microscopy will be performed in order to monitor array dynamics at the junction level. Furthermore, the contractor intends to design a dipole antenna and test it with an integrated receiver in 400-500 GHz frequency range. For this purpose, improvements for a flux-flow oscillator as a local oscillator may be needed. Finally, the contractor will perform experiments with shunted junction arrays in order to simulate intrinsically overdamped high-Tc junctions and explore a possibility of using high Tc layered junctions for oscillator application
This report results from a contract tasking University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as follows: The contractor will investigate coupled Josephson devices of two different kinds. First, the contractor will test a new concept of active antennas to couple radiation out from Josephson arrays. Using a mixed series-parallel array-biasing scheme, the contractor will design and perform waveguide-coupled emission experiments with single- and double-row arrays at 80-120 GHz. If successful, this scheme will be further implemented and tested using dipole antennas for the 400-500 GHz range. The contractor will also investigate the loop antenna array scheme as detailed in the technical proposal. The experiments will be done with Nb/Al- AOx/Nb Josephson junction arrays. The second Josephson device to be investigated (including design, fabrication, and testing) are novel q-bit devices. These q-bits are hoped to be more flexible and therefore more suitable hardware for quantum computing than single- loop SQUIDs currently pursued by other researcher groups. Full details are provided in the accompaning technical proposal.
This report results from a contract tasking University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as follows: The Grantee will investigate physical properties and improve the performance of two groups of Josephson devices: Josephson junction array oscillators and Josephson Qubits. They will continue study of series-parallel Josephson junction array oscillators from earlier research. The goal is to significantly increase the detected radiated power from 80 GHz to 120 GHz by improving the resonance frequency match between the devices and the receiver. They will also test the compact arrays of similar oscillator devices which incorporate antenna wires. Second, they will design and fabricate Josephson qubit devices for characterization from 4.2 K down to 20 mK. The energy profile will be characterized in the classical regime and projected into the quantum range and the coupling of the qubits to the environment will be examined according to the approach detailed in the technical proposal.
This thesis is devoted to some selected applications of the Josephson junction oscillator. The initial work was performed using low-Tc Nb/PbBi tunnel junctions, while the later parts were done using the recently developed high-Tc YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) Josephson junctions. The latter junctions have raised the hope for Josephson oscillator applications with substantially increased operation frequencies and temperatures. In the first part of this thesis the use of inductor-resistor (LR) shunted tunnel junctions in arrays of phase locked Josephson junction oscillators was investigated. The LR shunt is designed to resonate out the intrinsic tunnel junction capacitance at the operation frequency. We show that LR shunted tunnel junctions have important advantages compared to the commonly used resistively shunted tunnel junctions; i.e. narrower linewidths, higher impedance of the junctions and that they can be optimized also at frequencies higher than about 100 GHz. Design rules for stable, non-chaotic oscillations with optimized output power were developed. Measurements on a non- optimized circuit show that oscillator arrays of LR shunted tunnel junctions can generate substantial power, ~10 nW to a 300 .OMEGA. load at 390 GHz from a 10 junction array. In the second part the phase locking of YBCO Josephson junctions was clearly demonstrated for the first time. Mutual phase locking of two junctions was observed at frequencies between 0.2 and 1 THz, and was only limited by the bandwidth of the coupling circuit. The locking was in good agreement with simulations based on the resistively shunted junction model. The interaction of a single Josephson junction with a 5 junction oscillator array was also measured at frequencies up to about 350 GHz, but was substantially reduced by the high losses of the coupling circuit. The YBCO Josephson junctions were found to be interesting candidates for microwave generation at frequencies approaching 1 THz and oscillator arrays to be mainly limited by the high losses of the coupling circuits at these frequencies. In the third part the interaction of YBCO Josephson junctions with integrated resonators were studied for the first time. Using a novel method, Josephson Broadband Spectroscopy (JOBS), the high frequency properties of the resonators were measured with a bandwidth of up to 1 THz and in the temperature range 4-77 K. The YBCO surface resistance (9 m.OMEGA. at 4 K and 100 GHz) was found to scale as f2 and had a temperature dependence in good agreement with the two-fluid model, modified with 18% non-pairing charge carriers. The YBCO London penetration depth was frequency independent (460 nm at 4 K) and had a temperature dependence in agreement with the two-fluid model.
In this paper we present new design of quasioptical Josephson oscillators: the Central Frequency/ Wideband design. In this design, tuning structures composed of inductances, radial stubs and quarter wave transformers are integrated with every junction of the array in order to tune out the junction capacitance and match the junction impedance to the antenna impedance for the efficient output power coupling. Each junction feeds an antenna and power from individual junctions is quasioptically combined. We present a variation of the design where a sub-array replaces every single junction of the array. Preliminary results for the array designed for 98 GHz fundamental frequency and fabricated in Hypres NIVA10xThth technology are presented. Introduction In recent years there has been a growing effort within the superconducting research community to develop oscillators based on Josephson junction arrays. Submillimeter Josephson arrays with power levels of the order of 11,1W have been made at Stony Brook [1] and NIST [2]. Two-dimensional array of parallel biased Josephson junctions coupled to small antennas with quasioptically combined output power has been proposed as a promising approach for achieving larger power levels and reasonable radiation linewidths [3]. It has been shown that the performance of these arrays would critically depend on the way the Josephson junctions' capacitances are tuned out [4]. We have proposed arrays with microstrip tuning structures integrated with every junction as potentially the best solution RI Because of inherent frequency limitations of tuning circuits, these arrays are designed for one central frequency with the requirement of as large bandwidth as possible. This design will be referred to as the Central Frequency/Wideband (CFW) Design. Here we describe the basic CFW design and one of its modifications, and present preliminary results obtained from arrays fabricated in NIVA10x/Nb technology. Generic CFW array design The generic CFW design is presented in Figure 1. MS2 is a very short length transmission line whose inductance tunes out the junction capacitance. A radial stub at the end of MS2 serves as the broadband short. MS1 is the quarter wave transformer that matches the junction impedance to the antenna impedance. That way, all of the rf power produced by the junction is coupled to the * Present address: Conductus, Inc., 969 West Maude Ave, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Page 478 Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology antenna and radiated in the broadside direction. This design has successfully been used in SIS mixers [5] (see elsewhere in this issue). A detailed account of this and other applicable designs of tuning elements can be found in [6]. We have designed 492 GHz CFW arrays for the following parameters: critical current density je = 4000 A/cm, junction capacitance Cj = 60 fF/pm and junction area A = 71= . The impedance of the log-periodic antenna is around 79 on silicon substrate and is independent of frequency in the designed frequency range. Since there is a basic trade-off between the coupling and the bandwidth, careful design of the tuning elements provides a predicted bandwidth of 80 GHz with 75% power coupling at the central frequency of 492 GHz (Figure 2). The design of the tuning structure is performed in Touchstone [7] with effects of the superconducting kinetic inductance accounted for. The tuning element design values are: Z i = 18 CI, 1 1 = 62.5 pm (MS 1) and 12 = 3.5 pm, Z2 = 15 CI (MS2). The 360 junction array is predicted to deliver 2011W of RF power at 492 GHz. A dramatic increase in performance, in terms of both the bandwidth and the coupling is possible with advanced sub-micron and high current density fabrication processes. Figure 3 shows the fabricated 492 GHz array. It employs 360 log-periodic antennas on a chip 6 mm X 6 mm in size, with integrated tuning structures on one arm of the antenna. All junctions are DC biased in parallel. The array periods are dx = 240 gm, dy = 264 gm. Unfortunately, this fabrication run did not yield working devices because of the minor problem during fabrication. New fabrication runs should be performed in the near future. Antenna-coupled lumped array A ready extension of the generic CFW design can be made for arrays at relatively smaller frequencies. Single junction can be replaced by a lumped parallel sub-array of junctions in order to increase the output power. The overall size of the sub-array must be much smaller than the wavelength at the desired operation frequency. Usual tuning structures can be used to tune out the capacitance of the sub-array and to transform the small impedance of the sub-an-ay to the large antenna impedance. If an is composed of several antennas and sub-arrays biased in parallel, the power from different sub-arrays would be quasioptically combined. Figure 4a shows a single sub-array fabricated in Nb/A10x/Nb technology at Hypres, Inc. A compact parallel array of 64 Josephson junctions is placed on one arm of logperiodic antenna on a silicon substrate (Figure 4b). A microstrip transmission line is used as a coupling structure between the sub-array and the antenna. Its electrical length is somewhat bigger than 90° so that the excess portion tunes out the big capacitance of the sub-array and the 90° portion serves as an impedance transformer. Although the bandwidth of this design is rather narrow, it has a nice feature that it works not only at the designed frequency fo, but at a set of frequencies approximately given by the sequence fo, 3f0, 5fo, ...(2k4) f0. (1) Array from Fig. 4 was designed for the fundamental frequency of fo = 98 GHz. The fabrication process parameters were jc=983A/cm 2 , q=38fF/pm , A=12.2 gm , RN=16.4 11. In order to increase the available power, we have placed identical microstrip-coupled sub-array on the opposite arm of the antenna. The two sub-arrays feed the antenna in parallel. The schematic of the electrical circuit is given in Figure 5. The microstrip line was designed with impedance of Z=1.42 S2 and electrical length of 93° at 98 GHz. The measured dc I-V curve of the whole array reveals a series of seven resonant peaks (Figure 6a). A small amount of DC magnetic field was applied Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology Page 479 along the chip surface to enhance the resonances. When no magnetic field is applied (Figure 6.b) one of the steps (5 counted from Vdc=0) has disappeared. The visible critical current (1.25mA , Fig. 6b) is much smaller than about 15mA expected from the size of the quasiparticle current rise at the gap voltage, which we attribute to noise. The approximate frequencies of resonant peaks are inferred from the I-V curve and are given in Table 1 below. Resonant step # Frequency [GI-14 81 2 129 3 210 4 243 5 356 6 405 7 518 Table 1. Resonant steps from the I-V curve (Figure 6) of the array in Figure 4. The first step is at the fundamental frequency fo = 81 GHz and is down-shifted from the designed 98 GHz value because of the slight discrepancy between the designed and obtained fabrication parameters. Steps #4 and #6 correspond to higher oscillator modes given by k=2 and k=3 (1). At these three frequencies, the two sub-arrays work coherently supplying the RF power to the antenna. The remaining resonant peaks roughly correspond to the sequence of modes with f0 resonant frequencies (2j-1) —2-, where j = 2, 3, 5 and 6 for the steps #2, #3, #5 and #7, respectively. In these modes, one sub-array supplies the RF power to the other sub-array, and practically no power is radiated through the antenna. From the size of the resonant steps in the oscillator modes we estimate that the available RF power is less than a RW. The experiments for coupling the array radiation to the off-chip SIS detector are in progress . For radiated power in the range ofp,W, a two-dimensional array of parallel biased antenna/sub-arrays should be employed. Discussion and Summary We have presented a new Central Frequency/Wideband design of quasioptical Josephson arrays that effectively deals with the parasitic junction capacitances. Because of the independent tuning of individual junction capacitances, CFW oscillators would tolerate large scattering in process parameters. Further, because of impedance matching between the junctions and the antennas, these arrays would be very efficient sources. The major disadvantage of the CFA' design is the size of the unit cell, i.e. much smaller number of junctions can be utilized per given array area, compared to compact 2-D arrays. This disadvantage is offset by the array efficiency. First fabricated arrays show evidence of likely coherent array operation at a set of frequencies. The design promises Josephson submillimeter oscillators of unprecedented performance. Page 480 Fourth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology Acknowledgments We are pleased to acknowledge Hypres, Inc. for the fabrication of the antenna-coupled lumped-array oscillator. This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research grant AFOSR-90-0233. Gordana Pance was partially supported by the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society Graduate Fellowship.
High temperature superconducting Josephson arrays were investigated as possible millimeter wave sources. A junction technology was selected and improved to the point where radiation, near 1 microwatt off-chip, was measured from a variety of 2-dimensional arrays in the 70-160 GHz range. The arrays were tunable and were successfully coupled to a number of antennas for broadband, tunable transmission. Antennas for a variety of specific applications were selected on the basis of bandwidth requirements, impedance levels, polarization, and the possibility of sufficient monolithic integration. The final part of the program was a study of potential subsystems that would utilize these arrays. Interchip communications transceivers were studied and interchip coupling was demonstrated using two antenna-coupled arrays. The most promising application may be a monolithic clock source, near 100 GHz, for communications and signal processing systems. Josephson arrays, mm-wave sources.
High temperature superconducting Josephson arrays were investigated as possible millimeter wave sources. A junction technology was selected and improved to the point where radiation, near 1 microwatt off-chip, was measured from a variety of 2-dimensional arrays in the 70-160 GHz range. The arrays were tunable and were successfully coupled to a number of antennas for broadband, tunable transmission. Antennas for a variety of specific applications were selected on the basis of bandwidth requirements, impedance levels, polarization, and the possibility of sufficient monolithic integration. The final part of the program was a study of potential subsystems that would utilize these arrays. Interchip communications transceivers were studied and interchip coupling was demonstrated using two antenna-coupled arrays. The most promising application may be a monolithic clock source, near 100 GHz, for communications and signal processing systems.