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AIP conference proceedings

Collision-induced gratings in four-wave mixing oscillators

G. Grynberg

Published Jan 1, 1988• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Collision‐induced effects for a set of two level atoms can often be explained in term of collision‐induced gratings. In particular, we interpret the Bloembergen PIER 4 resonances and the collision‐induced gain in two‐wave mixing using these gratings. In the case of a ring atomic parametric oscillator, we show that these gratings can lead to a non reciprocal effect between the two directions of propagation. Experimentals results obtained with a cell containing sodium and helium show that a potential application to optical gyros can be imagined.

DOI
10.1063/1.37358

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Two-wave mixing in sodium vapour

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We have observed a unidirectional oscillation in a ring cavity when a sodium atomic vapour interacts with a non resonant pump beam. We have checked that the frequency of the oscillating beam is almost the same as the frequency of the pump beam. We propose a theoretical interpretation of the origin of a two-wave mixing process in an atomic vapour. We show the necessity of a relaxation process and we emphasize the close relationship between this effect and the Bloembergen PIER 4 resonances.

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We have studied the four-wave-mixing oscillation obtained when a cell containing sodium and a buffer gas is enclosed in a ring cavity. The beat frequency Deltanu between the two counterrotating beams is shown to depend on the intensity difference (I(1) - I(2)) between the two pump beams. The curve giving Deltanu as a function of (I(1) - I(2)) is a gyrotype curve, which suggests some possible application for optical gyros.

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In recent years, the collisional redistribution of radiation and collision-induced broadening of Rydberg atomic spectral lines by buffer gas perturbation have aroused the renewed interest. Rydberg atoms having a large dipole moment and long lifetime can interact with each other coherently for relatively long time, which makes them a potential candidate for quantum information processing. Besides, collisional redistribution has an important potential application in laser cooling and trapping. Based on previous experimental data, in this paper, two-nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NFWM) for studying atom collision, composed of two-photon resonant NFWM and collisional redistribution NFWM, is reported. The spectrum variation of the two-NFWM affected by the pressure, temperature, detuning and collision-broadening rate coefficient is analyzed. The principle of two-NFWM involving three incident beams is explained as follows. Consider two-NFWM in a |0-|1-|2 cascade three-level system, where states between |0 and |1 and between |1 and |2 ightangle are coupled by resonant frequencies 1 and 2 , respectively. Beam 1 with frequency 1 propagates along the direction opposite to the direction of beam 2, beams 2 and 2' have the same frequency 2, and between their directions there exists a small angle. Assuming that 1 1 and 2 2 so that 1 drives the transition from |0 to |1 while 2 drives the transition from |1 to |2, the simultaneous interactions of atoms with beams 1 and 2 will induce atomic coherence between |0 and |2 through two-photon excitation. This coherence is probed by beam 2', and as a result a two-photon resonant NFWM signal of frequency 1 is generated in the direction almost opposite to the direction of beam 2'. To avoid strong absorption at the resonant frequency of transition from |0 to |1, here the wavelength of beam1 is detuned from the exact resonance. An atom population of level |1 caused by collisional redistribution can be induced when a certain buffer gas pressure is imposed. The collisional redistribution NFWM process also exists in this case. Beam 2 drives the transition from |1 to |2 to induce an atomic coherence which is probed by beam 2' for giving rise to an atomic population grating. A collisional redistribution NFWM signal propagating along the same direction as the two-photon resonant NFWM signal is generated when beam 1 is scattered by the grating. Much information about atomic collisions can be obtained by analyzing the two NFWM signals. In a cascade three-level system composed of ground state, intermediate state and Rydberg state, and the two-NFWM can be used to investigate not only the broadening and shifting of the Rydberg level but also the collisional redistribution of the intermediate state. Unlike other experiments studying the pressure dependence of the longitudinal relaxation rate of atom states, this technique is a purely optical coherent means, and can measure the transverse relaxation rate 20 between Rydberg state and ground state as well as the pressure dependence of the transverse relaxation rate 21 between Rydberg state and intermediate state.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2016•0 citations

Collision-Induced Coherence and Population Gratings in Four-Wave Light Mixing in Sodium Vapor

N. Bloembergen, Lewis J. Rothberg

Collision-Induced Coherence and Population Gratings in Four-Wave Light Mixing in Sodium Vapor was published in Vol. 3 Proceedings Seventh International Conference Aussois, France, June 11–15, 1984 on page 265.

De Gruyter eBooks•Dec 31, 1985•0 citations
Collision‐induced effects for a set of two level atoms can often be explained in term of collision‐induced gratings. In particular, we interpret the Bloembergen PIER 4 resonances and the collision‐induced gain in two‐wave mixing using these gratings. In the case of a ring atomic parametric oscillator, we show that these gratings can lead to a non reciprocal effect between the two directions of propagation. Experimentals results obtained with a cell containing sodium and helium show that a potential application to optical gyros can be imagined.
Optical four-wave mixing resonances in sodium vapor induced by collisions with inert buffer gases (He, Ar, Xe, N2{\mathrm{N}}_{2}N2​) are characterized at high resolution ( 5 MHz) using lasers tuned near the DDD lines of Na. These resonances are interpreted in terms of coherent scattering from a population grating established by collisional absorption of the incident radiation. The roles of homogeneous and inhomogeneous contributions to the resonance line shapes are clarified. The line shapes exhibit structure sharper than the predicted linewidth, that characteristic of the 3P3P3P-to-3S3S3S transition rate. We show that this is caused by collision-induced optical pumping which introduces the ground-state lifetime into the grating relaxation physics. These long-lived gratings are exemplified dramatically by experiments in the presence of N2{\mathrm{N}}_{2}N2​ which collisionally quenches the Na 3P3P3P states. Similar results are obtained in Xe where it is argued that excimer formation with the 3P3P3P states plays a role in the population dynamics. Model calculations of the effects of sodium level degeneracy on the grating dynamics are presented to support these conclusions. Finally we present data illustrating interference between the collision-induced population grating resonances detailed here and collision-induced coherent Raman resonances between Zeeman sublevels of the ground state.
The four-wave mixing susceptibility χ(3)(ω1, ω1, -ω2) of a system of two-level atoms driven by weak external fields of frequencies ω1 and ω2 in a high-Q cavity is evaluated in the presence of atomic collisions. That susceptibility exhibits resonances corresponding to dipole-allowed transitions between the first two excited manifolds of the dressed states and the ground state and also the collision-induced Bloembergen resonances. The resonances corresponding to transitions between the first two manifolds of excited states that characterize the quantum and nonlinear nature of the atom–field interaction are, however, flattened in the absence of collisions. The collisions thus induce the quantum effects in four-wave mixing in a high-Q cavity.
In recent years, the collisional redistribution of radiation and collision-induced broadening of Rydberg atomic spectral lines by buffer gas perturbation have aroused the renewed interest. Rydberg atoms having a large dipole moment and long lifetime can interact with each other coherently for relatively long time, which makes them a potential candidate for quantum information processing. Besides, collisional redistribution has an important potential application in laser cooling and trapping. Based on previous experimental data, in this paper, two-nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NFWM) for studying atom collision, composed of two-photon resonant NFWM and collisional redistribution NFWM, is reported. The spectrum variation of the two-NFWM affected by the pressure, temperature, detuning and collision-broadening rate coefficient is analyzed. The principle of two-NFWM involving three incident beams is explained as follows. Consider two-NFWM in a |0-|1-|2 cascade three-level system, where states between |0 and |1 and between |1 and |2 ightangle are coupled by resonant frequencies 1 and 2 , respectively. Beam 1 with frequency 1 propagates along the direction opposite to the direction of beam 2, beams 2 and 2' have the same frequency 2, and between their directions there exists a small angle. Assuming that 1 1 and 2 2 so that 1 drives the transition from |0 to |1 while 2 drives the transition from |1 to |2, the simultaneous interactions of atoms with beams 1 and 2 will induce atomic coherence between |0 and |2 through two-photon excitation. This coherence is probed by beam 2', and as a result a two-photon resonant NFWM signal of frequency 1 is generated in the direction almost opposite to the direction of beam 2'. To avoid strong absorption at the resonant frequency of transition from |0 to |1, here the wavelength of beam1 is detuned from the exact resonance. An atom population of level |1 caused by collisional redistribution can be induced when a certain buffer gas pressure is imposed. The collisional redistribution NFWM process also exists in this case. Beam 2 drives the transition from |1 to |2 to induce an atomic coherence which is probed by beam 2' for giving rise to an atomic population grating. A collisional redistribution NFWM signal propagating along the same direction as the two-photon resonant NFWM signal is generated when beam 1 is scattered by the grating. Much information about atomic collisions can be obtained by analyzing the two NFWM signals. In a cascade three-level system composed of ground state, intermediate state and Rydberg state, and the two-NFWM can be used to investigate not only the broadening and shifting of the Rydberg level but also the collisional redistribution of the intermediate state. Unlike other experiments studying the pressure dependence of the longitudinal relaxation rate of atom states, this technique is a purely optical coherent means, and can measure the transverse relaxation rate 20 between Rydberg state and ground state as well as the pressure dependence of the transverse relaxation rate 21 between Rydberg state and intermediate state.