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Single Emitter Vacuum Rabi Splitting Measured Through Direct Free Space Spontaneous Emission

Yasutomo Ota, Ryuichi Ohta, Naoto Kumagai, Satoshi Iwamoto, Yasuhiko Arakawa

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We measured the vacuum Rabi splitting of a single quantum emitter through direct free space spontaneous emission. This lays the groundwork for accessing diverse cavity quantum electrodynamics phenomena manifesting themselves only in the spontaneous emission.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2015.ff1b.5

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We report the observation of the vacuum Rabi splitting of a single quantum emitter by measuring its direct spontaneous emission into free space. We use a semiconductor quantum dot inside a photonic crystal nanocavity, in conjunction with an appropriate cavity design and filtering with a polarizer and an aperture, enabling the extraction of the inherently weak emitter's signal. The emitter's vacuum Rabi spectra exhibit clear differences from those measured by detecting the cavity photon leakage. Moreover, we observe an asymmetric vacuum Rabi spectrum induced by interference between the emitter and cavity detection channels. Our observations lay the groundwork for accessing various cavity quantum electrodynamics phenomena that manifest themselves only in the emitter's direct spontaneous emission.
Introduction Ever since 1916/17 when Einstein argued [45] [46] that spontaneous emission must occur if matter and radiation are to achieve thermal equilibrium, physicists have believed that spontaneous emission is an inherent quantum mechanical property of atoms and that excited atoms inevitably radiate. This view, however, overlooks the fact that spontaneous emission is a consequence of the coupling of quantized energy states of atoms with the quantized radiation field, and is a manifestation of quantum noise or of emission ‘stimulated’ by ‘vacuum fluctuations’. An infinity of vacuum states is available to the photon radiated by an excited atom placed in free space, leading to the effective irreversibility of such emissions. If these vacuum states are modified, as for example by placing an excited atom between closely spaced mirrors or in a small cavity (essentially the Casimir effect), spontaneous emission can be greatly inhibited or enhanced or even made reversible. Recent advances in atomic and optical techniques have made it possible to control and manipulate spontaneous emission. A whole new branch of quantum optics called ‘cavity QED’ has developed since 1987 utilizing these dramatic changes in spontaneous emission rates in cavities to construct new kinds of microscopic masers or micromasers that operate with a single atom and a few photons or with photons emitted in pairs in a two-photon transition.
Within the framework of exact quantum electrodynamics in dispersing and absorbing media, we have studied the emission from an initially in the upper state prepared emitter in a high-quality cavity in the case when there are two cavity modes that resonantly interact with the emitter. In the case when one of the modes is in resonance with the emitter transition and the other mode is tuned to the frequency equal to the Rabi splitting of the first mode, the effect of Rabi resonance is observed. In particular, the second mode exhibits a substantial increase of the one-photon Fock state efficiency and enhancement of the emission spectrum in comparison to the exact resonant case.