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Physical Review B

Identification of Λ -like systems in Er3+:Y2SiO5 and observation of electromagnetically induced transparency

E. Baldit, Kamel Bencheikh, P. Monnier, S. Briaudeau, Juan Ariel Levenson, Vincent Crozatier, I. Lorgeré, Fabien Bretenaker, J.-L. Le Gouët, O. Guillot-Noël, Philippe Goldner

Published Apr 30, 2010• 51 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in a solid-state material doped with erbium ions. In this paper we introduce the spectroscopic investigations we have conducted in order to identify the adequate $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-like three-level systems in ${\text{Er}}^{3+}:{\text{Y}}_{2}{\text{SiO}}_{5}$ crystal, relevant for the demonstration of EIT. These results pave the way for nonlinear and quantum optics applications based on EIT at the telecom wavelength around $1.5\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.81.144303

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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in a solid-state material doped with erbium ions. In this paper we introduce the spectroscopic investigations we have conducted in order to identify the adequate \ensuremathΛ\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremathΛ-like three-level systems in Er3+:Y2SiO5{\text{Er}}^{3+}:{\text{Y}}_{2}{\text{SiO}}_{5}Er3+:Y2​SiO5​ crystal, relevant for the demonstration of EIT. These results pave the way for nonlinear and quantum optics applications based on EIT at the telecom wavelength around 1.5 \ensuremathμm1.5\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}1.5 \ensuremathμm.
We first calculated the negative refractive index on the solid Er3+：YAlO3 crystal with a Λ-type four-level scheme proposed for atomic vapour by Thommen and Mandel and Kastel using quantum interference and electromagnetically induced transparency （EIT）. It is shown that the frequency band with the negative index is wider （～1 MHz） than that reported previously. Usually，Im［n］ is always positive，corresponding to absorption，and the ratio of refraction to absorption，|Re［n］/Im［n］|，is only of the order of unity. In our case the ratio |Re［n］/Im［n］|=4.6，which indicates that the absorption has been well suppressed by EIT approach. The negative Im［n］ may be related to the stimulated emission of 4I13/2→4I15/2 of rare earth ion Er3+. It indicates that the rare earth ion doped material with abundant energy levels and various electric and magnetic transitions is an outstanding and practical candidate for electromagnetically induced negative refractive index material.
We carried out the negative refractive index in the solid medium Er3+:YAlO3 crystal with a Λ-type four-level scheme proposed for atomic vapour by Thommen and Mandel, and Kastel (Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006 96 053601 and 2007 98 069301) based on quantum interference and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The results show that the frequency band with the negative index is much wider (~1 MHz) than reported previously. Usually, Im[n] is always positive, corresponding to absorption, and the figure of merit (FOM, the ratio of real to imaginary, namely |Re[n]/Im[n]|) is only on the order of unity. We achieve FOM = |Re[n]/Im[n]| = 4.6. The corresponding negative Im[n] is related to the stimulated emission of 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 of the rare earth ion Er3+ under external electromagnetic fields. It is concluded that the rare earth ion doped material with abundant energy levels and various electric and magnetic transitions is an outstanding and practical candidate for the electromagnetically induced negative refractive index material.
We examine electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), the optical preparation of persistent nuclear spin coherences and the retrieval of light pulses both in a Λ-type and a V-type coupling scheme in a Pr 3+ :Y 2 SiO 5 crystal, cooled to cryogenic temperatures. The medium is prepared by optical pumping and spectral hole burning, creating a spectrally isolated Λ-type and a V-type system within the inhomogeneous bandwidth of the 3 H 4 ↔ 1 D 2 transition of the Pr 3+ ions. By EIT, in the Λ-type scheme we drive a nuclear spin coherence between the ground-state hyperfine levels, while in the V-type scheme we drive a coherence between the excited-state hyperfine levels. We observe the cancellation of absorption due to EIT and the retrieval of light pulses in both level schemes. This also permits the determination of dephasing times of the nuclear spin coherence, either in the ground state or the optically excited state.