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Physical Review Letters

Entangling Distant Atoms by Interference of Polarized Photons

Xun‐Li Feng, Zhi‐Ming Zhang, Xiang-Dong Li, Shangqing Gong, Zhizhan Xu

Published May 28, 2003• 227 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a scheme to generate the entangled state of two Lambda-type three-level atoms trapped in distant cavities by using interference of polarized photons. Two possible spontaneous emission channels of each excited atom result in a coherent superposition of the states of two atoms. The subsequent detection of the different polarized photons reveals that both atoms are in different ground states, but an interference effect prevents us from distinguishing which atom is in which ground state; the atoms are thus entangled. In comparison with the original proposal of interference-induced entanglement [C. Cabrillo, J. Cirac, P. Garcia-Fernandez, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 59, 1025 (1999)]], in our scheme the weakly driven condition is not required, and the influence of atomic excitement and atomic recoil on the entanglement fidelity can be eliminated.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.90.217902

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We propose a scheme to generate the entangled state of two Lambda-type three-level atoms trapped in distant cavities by using interference of polarized photons. Two possible spontaneous emission channels of each excited atom result in a coherent superposition of the states of two atoms. The subsequent detection of the different polarized photons reveals that both atoms are in different ground states, but an interference effect prevents us from distinguishing which atom is in which ground state; the atoms are thus entangled. In comparison with the original proposal of interference-induced entanglement [C. Cabrillo, J. Cirac, P. Garcia-Fernandez, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 59, 1025 (1999)]], in our scheme the weakly driven condition is not required, and the influence of atomic excitement and atomic recoil on the entanglement fidelity can be eliminated.
A scheme to generate the entanglement between two distant atoms by the interference of polarized photons is proposed. The model consists of two identical /spl Lambda/-type three-level atoms trapped in two distant optical cavities respectively. Each atom has a excited state |e> and two degenerate ground states |g/sub L/> and |g/sub R/>. The scheme is based on the interference effect where the coherent superposition of atomic states is generated in photon emission process. The scheme gives several advantages: (i) both atoms are excited simultaneously; (ii) the driving condition does not influence the fidelity of the final entangled states; and (iii) the influence of atomic recoil on the entanglement fidelity could be eliminated.
Based on the interference effect of polarized photons leaking out of separate cavities, we propose schemes for the generation of the N -atom Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state, three-atom W state and a genuine four-atom entangled state |χ⟩. In these schemes, each of the atoms is trapped separately in a remote optical cavity, and the possible spontaneous channels induced by the excited atoms lead to the coherent superposition of the states of the atoms. The desired multipartite entangled states can be generated with a certain success probability by the subsequent detection of the polarized photons in different modes. The schemes would be useful steps towards long-distance quantum communication, distributed quantum computation and constructing remote quantum information processing networks.
A scheme is presented for generation of entangled states for two atoms trapped in two distant bad cavities. The scheme can work with bad cavities with the coupling strength smaller than the cavity decay rate, which is important from the viewpoint of experiment. In the scheme the atoms have no probability of being populated in the excited state and thus the atomic spontaneous emission is suppressed, which increases the probability of success. The fidelity of the entangled state is not affected by the detection efficiency. Furthermore, the scheme does not require the detection of the left-polarized photon and right-polarized photon at the same time.
Based on the interference effect of polarized photons, we propose a practical scheme for entanglement concentration of unknown atomic entangled states. In the scheme, two λλ-type atoms belonging to different entangled pairs are individually trapped in two spatially separated cavities. By the subsequent detection of the polarized photons leaking out of the separate optical cavities, Alice and Bob as two distant parties can probabilistically extract one maximally entangled four-atom Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state from two identical partially entangled Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs. We also discuss the influence of cavity decay on the success probability of the scheme. The scheme is feasible and within the reach of current experimental technology.
We suggest two schemes to generate the W state of N Λ-type three-level atoms. In the schemes, identical N three-level atoms are trapped in a cavity or N distant cavities. The success or failure of the generation of the W state can be determined by detecting the polarization of photon leaking out of the cavity. The result demonstrates that the W state is free from both the cavity loss and the spontaneous emission due to the fact that the two ground states (left and right) of the three-level atoms are stable states (or metastable states).