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Chinese Optics Letters

应用电场电离方法探测Eu原子高激发Rydberg态

Jun Xie, Chang jian Dai, Ming Li

Published Jan 1, 2011• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2) Rydberg series converging to the first ionization limit 4f 7 6s 9 S4 of the Eu atom using the three-step laser excitation and electric-field-ionization (EFI) method are studied.First, the Eu atom is excited from the 4f 7 6s 2 8 S o 7/2 ground state to the 4f 7 6s7s 8 S o 7/2 state through the 4f 7 6s6p 10 P 9/2 state by the first two dye lasers.Next, it is populated to many higher-n members of the 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ Rydberg series by the third dye laser whose wavelength is scanned within a certain range.Finally, the atom in these higher-n states is ionized by the external pulsed electric field.With the field strength up to 2 kV/cm, we can detect the atom in 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ states with n 40.With the given laser line width, the level energies of Rydberg states with n as high as 72 can be determined.We not only confirm the previous data on the 4f 7 6s( 9 S) np 8 PJ Rydberg series, but also extend the n-value assignment significantly by detecting more states.

DOI
10.3788/col201109.050201

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The 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2) Rydberg series converging to the first ionization limit 4f 7 6s 9 S4 of the Eu atom using the three-step laser excitation and electric-field-ionization (EFI) method are studied.First, the Eu atom is excited from the 4f 7 6s 2 8 S o 7/2 ground state to the 4f 7 6s7s 8 S o 7/2 state through the 4f 7 6s6p 10 P 9/2 state by the first two dye lasers.Next, it is populated to many higher-n members of the 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ Rydberg series by the third dye laser whose wavelength is scanned within a certain range.Finally, the atom in these higher-n states is ionized by the external pulsed electric field.With the field strength up to 2 kV/cm, we can detect the atom in 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ states with n 40.With the given laser line width, the level energies of Rydberg states with n as high as 72 can be determined.We not only confirm the previous data on the 4f 7 6s( 9 S) np 8 PJ Rydberg series, but also extend the n-value assignment significantly by detecting more states.
The field ionization process of the Eu 4f 7 6s n p Rydberg states, converging to the first ionization limit, 4f 7 6s 9 S 4 , is systematically investigated. The spectra of the Eu 4f 7 6s n p Rydberg states are populated with three-step laser excitation, and detected by electric field ionization (EFI) method. Two different kinds of the EFI pulses are applied after laser excitation to observe the possible impacts on the EFI process. The exact EFI ionization thresholds for the 4f 7 6s n p Rydberg states can be determined by observing the corresponding EFI spectra. In particular, some structures above the EFI threshold are found in the EFI spectra, which may be interpreted as the effect from black body radiation (BBR). Finally, the scaling law of the EFI threshold for the Eu 4f 7 6s n p Rydberg states with the effective quantum number is built.
The field ionization process of Eu 4f76 snp Rydberg states converging to the first ionization limit 4f76s9S4 was systematically investigated. Firstly,the spectra of Rydberg states 4f76 snp of Eu atom were measured using the three-step laser excitation and electric field ionization( EFI) method.Secondly,the EFI pulse( pulse width of 0. 2 μs) was applied after laser excitation. Then,we continuously scan field ionization voltage to observe the EFI process,and to realize the potential of field ionization we need to understand what happens to the atoms as the pulse field rises from 0 to 3 kV.The exact location of ionization threshold can be obtained when the peak of ionization field changes.Especially,above the threshold,some structures are found due to black body radiation( BBR).
The radiative lifetimes of the Eu 4f 7 6s n p ( 8 P J or 10 P J ) Rydberg states with J = 5/2 and 11/2 are investigated with a combination of multi-step laser excitation and pulsed electric field ionization, from which their dependence on the effective principal quantum number is observed. The lifetimes of 21 states are reported along with an evaluation of their experimental uncertainty. The influence of blackbody radiation, due to the oven temperature, on the lifetime of the higher- n states is detected. The non-hydrogen behavior of the investigated states is also observed.
A beam of gold atoms was produced by heating the gold containing material by electrothermal method. Two UV laser beams then orthogonally irradiated the atomic beam, exciting the Au atoms to very high Rydberg states from their ground states (6S1/2). A high voltage pulsed electric field was applied to the interaction region approximately 200 ns after the laser pulse, it ionized the Au atoms into Rydberg states. By scanning the wavelength of laser in a certain range, the positions of 38 energy levels of Au atoms in n2D3/2 (n = 18-38) and n2S1/2 (n = 21-34; 36-38) series have been determined. the ionization limits of the n2D3/2 and n2S1/2 series were found to be ED = 74409.8 (3)cm-1 and Es = 74410.0(2) cm-1, respectively, by parametric fitting. The quantum defects of all these levels were also calculated.
A beam of gold atoms was produced by heating the gold-containing material by an electro-thermal method. Two UV laser beams then irradiated the atomic beam perpendicularly, which excited the Au atoms to very high Rydberg states from their ground states (6S1/2). A high voltage pulsed electric field was then applied to the interaction region approximately 200 ns after the laser pulse, ionising the Au atoms in Rydberg states. By scanning the wavelength of the laser over a certain range, the positions of 38 energy levels of Au atoms in the n 2D3/2 (n=18-38) and n 2S1/2 (n=21-34, 36-38) series have been measured. The ionisation limits of the n 2D3/2 and n 2S1/2 series were determined by parametric fitting to be Ed=74 409.8 (3) cm-1 and Es=74 410.0 (2) cm-1, respectively. The quantum defects of all these levels were also calculated. This measurement is the first for Au in the energy range and channels mentioned above.
High Rydberg levels of ytterbium were studied in a beam of metastable atoms. Levels of the series 4f14^{14}14 6snsnsnd were populated from the metastable 4f14^{14}14 6s 6p 3^33Po_oo​ level by means of the U.V. light of a frequency-doubled single-mode dye laser and detected using the field ionization technique. The critical ionization fields FcF_cFc​ of the levels 4f14^{14}14 6snsnsnd 3^33D1_11​ (24 ≤ n ≤ 57) were measured and found to obey the saddle point law (FcF_cFc​ = (16 n∗4n^{*4}n∗4)−1^{-1}−1). The hyperfine structures of the odd isotopes were investigated. They are very peculiar due to the fact that the hyperfine interaction is of the same order of magnitude as (or even for the highest nnn values, much more important than) the spin-orbit and electrostatic interactions. A theoretical account of the observed structures using the Slater-Condon parametric method is given. The relative influence of the excited (nnnd) and of the non-excited (6s) optical electron could thus be studied. Furthermore the influence of a valence level perturbing only the odd isotopes components for nnn = 26 was demonstrated.