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Chinese Physics B

Lifetimes of Rydberg states of Eu atoms

Hua Jing, Shiwei Ye, Dai Chang-Jian

Published Jan 1, 2015• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The radiative lifetimes of the Eu 4f 7 6s n p ( 8 P J or 10 P J ) Rydberg states with J = 5/2 and 11/2 are investigated with a combination of multi-step laser excitation and pulsed electric field ionization, from which their dependence on the effective principal quantum number is observed. The lifetimes of 21 states are reported along with an evaluation of their experimental uncertainty. The influence of blackbody radiation, due to the oven temperature, on the lifetime of the higher- n states is detected. The non-hydrogen behavior of the investigated states is also observed.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/24/1/013203

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arXiv:physics/0702192•Physical Review A•May 30, 2007•47 citations
The radiative lifetimes of the Eu 4f 7 6s n p ( 8 P J or 10 P J ) Rydberg states with J = 5/2 and 11/2 are investigated with a combination of multi-step laser excitation and pulsed electric field ionization, from which their dependence on the effective principal quantum number is observed. The lifetimes of 21 states are reported along with an evaluation of their experimental uncertainty. The influence of blackbody radiation, due to the oven temperature, on the lifetime of the higher- n states is detected. The non-hydrogen behavior of the investigated states is also observed.
The field ionization process of the Eu 4f 7 6s n p Rydberg states, converging to the first ionization limit, 4f 7 6s 9 S 4 , is systematically investigated. The spectra of the Eu 4f 7 6s n p Rydberg states are populated with three-step laser excitation, and detected by electric field ionization (EFI) method. Two different kinds of the EFI pulses are applied after laser excitation to observe the possible impacts on the EFI process. The exact EFI ionization thresholds for the 4f 7 6s n p Rydberg states can be determined by observing the corresponding EFI spectra. In particular, some structures above the EFI threshold are found in the EFI spectra, which may be interpreted as the effect from black body radiation (BBR). Finally, the scaling law of the EFI threshold for the Eu 4f 7 6s n p Rydberg states with the effective quantum number is built.
The radiative lifetimes τrad of the highly excited 4f7/2136s1/2(4)np3/2[11/2](n=21−31) Rydberg Tm states have been measured with the method of multistep laser excitation and electric field ionization. The lifetime values have been obtained with an accuracy of better than 15%. The influence of blackbody radiation on the states with n ≥ 27 has been observed. The experimental results are in good agreement with our previously calculated values obtained by relativistic perturbation theory with a zero-order model approximation. It has been shown that the τrad-versus-n* dependence (n* is the effective principal quantum number) is best described by the relation τrad = 0.0022.(n*)2.46 (μsec). This property may be attributed to the strongly expressed nonhydrogenlike behavior of the investigated states, which is caused by the essentially non-Coulombic core potential acting on the Rydberg electron.
The field ionization process of Eu 4f76 snp Rydberg states converging to the first ionization limit 4f76s9S4 was systematically investigated. Firstly,the spectra of Rydberg states 4f76 snp of Eu atom were measured using the three-step laser excitation and electric field ionization( EFI) method.Secondly,the EFI pulse( pulse width of 0. 2 μs) was applied after laser excitation. Then,we continuously scan field ionization voltage to observe the EFI process,and to realize the potential of field ionization we need to understand what happens to the atoms as the pulse field rises from 0 to 3 kV.The exact location of ionization threshold can be obtained when the peak of ionization field changes.Especially,above the threshold,some structures are found due to black body radiation( BBR).
The 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2) Rydberg series converging to the first ionization limit 4f 7 6s 9 S4 of the Eu atom using the three-step laser excitation and electric-field-ionization (EFI) method are studied.First, the Eu atom is excited from the 4f 7 6s 2 8 S o 7/2 ground state to the 4f 7 6s7s 8 S o 7/2 state through the 4f 7 6s6p 10 P 9/2 state by the first two dye lasers.Next, it is populated to many higher-n members of the 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ Rydberg series by the third dye laser whose wavelength is scanned within a certain range.Finally, the atom in these higher-n states is ionized by the external pulsed electric field.With the field strength up to 2 kV/cm, we can detect the atom in 4f 7 6s( 9 S)np 8 PJ states with n 40.With the given laser line width, the level energies of Rydberg states with n as high as 72 can be determined.We not only confirm the previous data on the 4f 7 6s( 9 S) np 8 PJ Rydberg series, but also extend the n-value assignment significantly by detecting more states.
We have studied ionization of alkali-metal Rydberg atoms by blackbody radiation (BBR). The results of theoretical calculations of ionization rates of Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs Rydberg atoms are presented. The calculations have been performed for n S, n P and n D states for principal quantum numbers n =8–65 at ambient temperatures of 77, 300 and 600 K. The calculations take into account the contributions of BBR-induced redistribution of population between Rydberg states prior to photoionization and field ionization by extraction electric field pulses. The obtained results show that these phenomena affect both the magnitude of the measured ionization rates and their n dependence. A Cooper minimum for BBR-induced transitions between bound Rydberg states of Li has been found. The calculated ionization rates are compared with our earlier measurements of BBR-induced ionization rates of Na n S and n D Rydberg states with n =8–20 at 300 K. Good agreement for all states except n S with n >15 is observed. Useful analytical formulae for quick estimates of BBR ionization rates of Rydberg atoms are presented. Application of BBR-induced ionization signal to measurements of collisional ionization rates is demonstrated.
Results of theoretical calculations of ionization rates of Rb and Na Rydberg atoms by blackbody radiation (BBR) are presented. Calculations have been performed for nSnSnS, nPnPnP, and nDnDnD states of Na and Rb, which are commonly used in a variety of experiments, at principal quantum numbers n=8−−65n=8--65n=8−−65 and at three ambient temperatures of 77, 300, and 600K600\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}600K. A peculiarity of our calculations is that we take into account the contributions of BBR-induced redistribution of population between Rydberg states prior to photoionization and field ionization by extraction electric field pulses. The obtained results show that these phenomena affect both the magnitude of measured ionization rates and shapes of their dependences on nnn. The calculated ionization rates are compared with the results of our earlier measurements of BBR-induced ionization rates of Na nSnSnS and nDnDnD Rydberg states with n=8−−20n=8--20n=8−−20 at 300K300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}300K. A good agreement for all states except nSnSnS with n>15n>15n>15 is observed. We also present the useful analytical formulas for the quick estimation of BBR ionization rates of Rydberg atoms.