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An Alternative Approach to Quantum Statistics

S Teilter, A K Jajopal

Published Jun 21, 1983• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract : The Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein and, for completeness the Maxwell-Boltzmann, distributions are obtained respectively from considerations of binomial, negative binomial, and Poisson assemblies. The method used has the simplicity of the traditional derivations that are based on combinatorial considerations but involves neither the identification of most probable values with means values nor the invocation of large numbers of particles involved in the use of Stirling's approximation for factorials. The method thereby also relaxes the requirement for large numbers of particles needed in other available derivations that also use mean values, namely, the Darwin-Fowler method of steepest descents and the Khinchin method that employs limit theorems of the theory of probability.

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Classical model of intermediate statistics

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In this work we present a classical kinetic model of intermediate statistics. In the case of Brownian particles we show that the Fermi-Dirac (FD) and Bose-Einstein (BE) distributions can be obtained, just as the Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution, as steady states of a classical kinetic equation that intrinsically takes into account an exclusion-inclusion principle. In our model the intermediate statistics are obtained as steady states of a system of coupled nonlinear kinetic equations, where the coupling constants are the transmutational potentials ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}\ensuremath{'}}$. We show that, besides the FD-BE intermediate statistics extensively studied from the quantum point of view, we can also study the MB-FD and MB-BE ones. Moreover, our model allows us to treat the three-state mixing FD-MB-BE intermediate statistics. For boson and fermion mixing in a D-dimensional space, we obtain a family of FD-BE intermediate statistics by varying the transmutational potential ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{BF}}$. This family contains, as a particular case, when ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{F}=0}$, the quantum statistics recently proposed by L. Wu, Z. Wu, and J. Sun [Phys. Lett. A 170, 280 (1992)]. When we consider the two-dimensional FD-BE statistics, we derive an analytic expression of the fraction of fermions. When the temperature T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, the system is composed by an equal number of bosons and fermions, regardless of the value of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{BF}}$. On the contrary, when T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{BF}}$ becomes important and, according to its value, the system can be completely bosonic or fermionic, or composed both by bosons and fermions.

Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics•Jun 1, 1994•13 citations
Abstract : The Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein and, for completeness the Maxwell-Boltzmann, distributions are obtained respectively from considerations of binomial, negative binomial, and Poisson assemblies. The method used has the simplicity of the traditional derivations that are based on combinatorial considerations but involves neither the identification of most probable values with means values nor the invocation of large numbers of particles involved in the use of Stirling's approximation for factorials. The method thereby also relaxes the requirement for large numbers of particles needed in other available derivations that also use mean values, namely, the Darwin-Fowler method of steepest descents and the Khinchin method that employs limit theorems of the theory of probability.
There are essentially three methods used in equilibrium statistical mechanics, namely, the Boltzmann method of identifying the equilibrium sta te with the most probable one; the Gibbs ensemble method of postulating a canonical distribution; and the Darwin-Fowler method' of identifying the equilibrium state with the average state. Most textbooks on statis tical mechanics include discussions of the first two methods. The in clusion into the text of the last method, which schrudinger2 seems to advocate, is less usual . The equivalence of those methods is usual 1 y demonstrated for the i deal Boltzmann, Bose - Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac sta tistics. However, the equivalence is not guaranteed when the methodsare applied to different statistics such as parastatistics3, where eachener gy leve1 can afford up to some number k of particles, and can be regar ded as a generalization of the above mentioned statistics. It seems desirable to confirm t he equivalence of those methods for parastatistics. In most textbooks however discussions on parastatistics are r ather rare.
It is shown that intermediate statistics do not correspond to any physical process. The stationary probability distributions of intermediate statistics are not compatible with any mechanism which allows a variation between Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein statistics. The binomial and negative binomial distributions, characterizing Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein statistics, respectively, transform into the Poisson distribution, descriptive of classical statistics, as the number of energy cells increases without limit. These distributions are shown to be the laws of error leading to the average value as the most probable value.
Generalized probability distributions for Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, with unequal source probabilities qiq_iqi​ for each level iii, are obtained by combinatorial reasoning. For equiprobable degenerate sublevels, these reduce to those given by Brillouin in 1930, more commonly given as a statistical weight for each statistic. These distributions and corresponding cross-entropy (divergence) functions are shown to be special cases of the Pólya urn model, involving neither independent nor identically distributed ("ninid") sampling. The most probable Pólya distribution contains the Acharya-Swamy intermediate statistic.
Abstract Chapter 11 presents a statistical mechanical treatment of the quantum ideal gases, i.e., the ideal Boltzmann, fermion, and boson gases. The discussion begins with the microscopic description and the solution of the eigenvalue problem for a quantum ideal gas. It is argued that calculating the partition function is most readily accomplished in the grand canonical ensemble using a second-quantized formulation. When the particles are distinguishable, the equation of state is identical to that of a classical ideal gas. For fermions and bosons, however, the problem of computing thermodynamic properties is significantly more complex and can only be solved exactly in certain limits. Away from these limits approximations are needed and are discussed in detail. The relevant distributions - the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions are derived. The local density approximation of density functional theory is derived for the ideal electron gas. For the ideal boson gas, the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation is discussed
In this work we present a classical kinetic model of intermediate statistics. In the case of Brownian particles we show that the Fermi-Dirac (FD) and Bose-Einstein (BE) distributions can be obtained, just as the Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution, as steady states of a classical kinetic equation that intrinsically takes into account an exclusion-inclusion principle. In our model the intermediate statistics are obtained as steady states of a system of coupled nonlinear kinetic equations, where the coupling constants are the transmutational potentials ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}\ensuremath{'}}$. We show that, besides the FD-BE intermediate statistics extensively studied from the quantum point of view, we can also study the MB-FD and MB-BE ones. Moreover, our model allows us to treat the three-state mixing FD-MB-BE intermediate statistics. For boson and fermion mixing in a D-dimensional space, we obtain a family of FD-BE intermediate statistics by varying the transmutational potential ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{BF}}$. This family contains, as a particular case, when ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{F}=0}$, the quantum statistics recently proposed by L. Wu, Z. Wu, and J. Sun [Phys. Lett. A 170, 280 (1992)]. When we consider the two-dimensional FD-BE statistics, we derive an analytic expression of the fraction of fermions. When the temperature T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, the system is composed by an equal number of bosons and fermions, regardless of the value of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{BF}}$. On the contrary, when T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{BF}}$ becomes important and, according to its value, the system can be completely bosonic or fermionic, or composed both by bosons and fermions.