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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference

Cavity QED with quantized center of mass: correlation functions, tunneling, and entanglement

Perry R. Rice, Mambwe Mumba, Luis A. Orozco, Nick Cummings

Published Dec 10, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We examine nonclassical correlations and entanglement for an atom in a driven cavity (Cavity QED) with an external potential. The external potential introduces new degrees of freedom that require treatment of the center of mass motion including tunneling. We find a very sensitive dependence of quantum correlation functions on center of mass motion.

DOI
10.1109/qels.2005.1548703

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We examine nonclassical correlations and entanglement for an atom in a driven cavity (Cavity QED) with an external potential. The external potential introduces new degrees of freedom that require treatment of the center of mass motion including tunneling. We find a very sensitive dependence of quantum correlation functions on center of mass motion.
We investigate the quantum fluctuations of a single atom in a weakly driven cavity, where the center of mass motion of the atom is quantized in one dimension. We present analytic results for the second order intensity correlation function g((2))(tau) and the intensity-field correlation function h(theta)(tau), for transmitted light in the weak driving field limit. We find that the coupling of the center of mass motion to the intracavity field mode can be deleterious to nonclassical effects in photon statistics and field-intensity correlations, and compare the use of trapped atoms in a cavity to atomic beams.
We investigate the quantum fluctuations of a single atom in a weakly driven cavity where the center-of-mass motion of the atom is quantized in one dimension. We present analytic results for the second-order intensity correlation function ${g}^{(2)}(\ensuremath{\tau})$ and the intensity-field correlation function ${h}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}(\ensuremath{\tau})$ for both transmitted and fluorescent light for weak driving fields. We find that the coupling of the center-of-mass motion to the intracavity field mode can be deleterious to nonclassical effects in photon statistics, but less so for the intensity-field correlations.
In this work, we will look at the dynamics of a two-level atom in a damped, driven optical cavity in which atomic center-of-mass motion (CMM) is quantized.Of particular interest is the addition of an external potential (not related to the cavity field) in the cavity that effects the atom.Specifically, we are introducing to the system Hamiltonian a harmonic potential that effectively represents the presence of an optical lattice within the cavity.Thus, we are interested in the interplay of cold atoms and cavity QED.The form of our investigation of the system's dynamics will be in the study of the photon statistics and field-intensity correlation of the transmitted and fluoresced fields.
by Mambwe Mumba We examine a system comprised of a single two-level atom inside a driven optical cavity.We allow for cavity decay and atomic spontaneous emission out the side of the cavity.There is a spatial dependent coupling between the atom and the cavity mode, which we take into account, using explicit trapping potentials for the atom.Previous work has revolved around a harmonic oscillator potential, we also find here a solution for a realistic optical lattice potential when the lattice wavelength is half the driving laser wavelength.Atomic and cavity detunings are included, as well as effective Franck-Condon factors.Analytic results are obtained for various intensity-intensity and field-intensity correlation functions, using quantum trajectory theory in the weak driving field limit.Nonclassical effects are obtained, and we investigate the effect of a nonstationary atom on these effects.These result from violation of inequalities that must be satisfied if there is an underlying classical stochastic field; violations imply that there is no well defined electric field at all times, with some underlying positive definite probability distribution.The center of mass wave function is specified either by a list of probability amplitudes, or these amplitudes are calculated from an explicit wave function(typically a Gaussian).The correlation functions are quite sensitive to the center of mass wave function, and perhaps correlation functions can be used as probes of atomic motion.We also examine a new inequality between intensity-intensity and field intensity correlation functions, that is violated here.
Every quantum system subjected to measurements is an open quantum system. The cavity QED system is elegant in that it probes the interaction between two quantum systems, the atom and the field, while its loss mechanisms are well understood and can be externally monitored. The study of cross-correlations in cavity QED is important for understanding how entanglement evolves in open quantum systems. As quantum information science grows we need to learn more about entanglement and how it can be quantified and measured. Correlation functions have been used to compare an electromagnetic field (intensity) of one mode with the electromagnetic field (intensity) of the same mode at a later time or different spatial location. In quantum optics, correlation functions have been calculated and measured to probe the nonclassical field that results from the interaction of a single mode of the electromagnetic field and an ensemble of two-level atoms (the canonical cavity QED system). This field can exhibit antibunching, squeezing, and can violate inequalities required for a classical field. Entanglement in the steady state of a cavity QED system cannot be measured directly with traditional correlation functions (Hanbury-Brown and Twiss type experiments). Cross-correlations, however, interrogate directly both modes of the entangled pair, the transmitted (cavity) and the fluorescent (atom) intensities, and can act as an entanglement witness. This thesis presents the implementation of a cross-correlation measurement in a cavity QED system. The work has required the construction of an apparatus that incorporates laser cooling and trapping with quantum optics to carefully control both the external (center of mass motion) and internal (atomic state) degrees of freedom of a collection of atoms that interact with a single mode of a high finesse Fabry-Perot cavity. We examine theoretically and experimentally a new intensity cross-correlation function which probes the evolution of the cavity field conditioned on the detection of a fluorescent photon from an atom in the cavity. The results open the possibility to generalize the dynamics of entanglement as a physical resource necessary for the nascent quantum information science.