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Science

Molecules at Rest

Carl J. Williams, Paul S. Julienne

Published Feb 11, 2000• 31 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In recent years, much progress has been made in producing and manipulating ultracold atoms in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). But, as Williams and Julienne explain in this Perspective, molecules are poor candidates for the laser cooling techniques commonly used to produce BECs. Many groups are trying to devise techniques for making ultracold molecules. A technique reported by Wynar et al. (page 1016) has allowed the first observation of molecule formation in a BEC, and may ultimately be able to produce a pure molecular condensate.

DOI
10.1126/science.287.5455.986

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The recent demonstrations of laser-like amplification of atomic beams by Bose-Einstein condensates, less than five years after the first condensates were created, shows just how rapid progress has been in this field (see page 24). Now physicists are attempting a repeat performance with molecules (R Wynar et al. 2000 Science287 1016).

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During the last few years the physics of ultracold atomic gases has experienced an extraordinary development, mostly due to the experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). This development has being certainly interdisciplinary, bridging the gaps among very different areas, including atomic and molecular physics, quantum optics, condensed matter and solid-state physics, nonlinear physics, quantum information theory, etc.

Optics Express•Jan 1, 2004•1 citation

THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS REALIZATION OF MOLECULAR CONDENSATE

Han Dian

A group at the University of Texas at Austin has recently created Rb\-2 moleculaes from a Rubidium\|87 Bose\|Einstein condensate with two\|photon stimulated Raman transitions.The molecules are in a single ro\|vibrational level and have a temperature on the order of 100nK.These might be the coldest molecules in the universe,as says Paul Julienne,a senior atomic physicist at NIST.This method provides an alternative route for formation of ultra\|cold molecules which are still not achievable with the traditional laser cooling and trapping techniques,and may lead to the first realization of molecular Bose\|Einstein condensate.

•Jan 1, 2000•0 citations
In recent years, much progress has been made in producing and manipulating ultracold atoms in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). But, as
Williams and Julienne
explain in this Perspective, molecules are poor candidates for the laser cooling techniques commonly used to produce BECs. Many groups are trying to devise techniques for making ultracold molecules. A technique reported by Wynar
et al. (page
1016) has allowed the first observation of molecule formation in a BEC, and may ultimately be able to produce a pure molecular condensate.
Laser cooling of atoms began more than 25 years ago and has led to spectacular advances in areas such as atomic clocks, Bose-Einstein condensation, degenerate Fermi gases, and ultracold collisions. Molecules, due to their complexity relative to atoms (1), have been slower to jump on the ultracold bandwagon but are now firmly on board. Three recent papers (2-4) describe techniques for efficiently and substantially reducing the vibrational motion of molecular ensembles, thus approaching the goal of large numbers of molecules that are cold in all their degrees of freedom, both external and internal.
Over the past few decades, physicists have learned to cool atoms to lower and lower temperatures and to gain increasing control over them, with exciting and sometimes unforeseen consequences. The payoffs have included atom interferometry, precision spectroscopy, Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs), and even atom lasers. Not surprisingly, experimenters now want to play the same games with molecules. The challenges—formidable enough for atoms—loom even larger for molecules. Nevertheless, a number of groups have entered the quest, with the goal of bringing molecules to submillikelvin temperatures, which are slow enough to be trapped or otherwise manipulated.
Clouds of atoms cooled to almost absolute zero can form a collective state--in effect, a giant atom--called a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). The stability of a BEC depends almost entirely on how the atoms making it up interact one-on-one, and collisions of ultracold atoms provide a glimpse of these interactions. In a first-ever detection, a group of researchers in Paris has gotten cesium atoms to form ordinary molecules chilled to 300 millionths of a kelvin--something only seen before with atoms--which could be the first step toward studying complex materials in the world of the ultracold.
A group at the University of Texas at Austin has recently created Rb\-2 moleculaes from a Rubidium\|87 Bose\|Einstein condensate with two\|photon stimulated Raman transitions.The molecules are in a single ro\|vibrational level and have a temperature on the order of 100nK.These might be the coldest molecules in the universe,as says Paul Julienne,a senior atomic physicist at NIST.This method provides an alternative route for formation of ultra\|cold molecules which are still not achievable with the traditional laser cooling and trapping techniques,and may lead to the first realization of molecular Bose\|Einstein condensate.