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Optics Express

Introduction

Luis Santos

Published Jan 1, 2004• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

During the last few years the physics of ultracold atomic gases has experienced an extraordinary development, mostly due to the experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). This development has being certainly interdisciplinary, bridging the gaps among very different areas, including atomic and molecular physics, quantum optics, condensed matter and solid-state physics, nonlinear physics, quantum information theory, etc.

DOI
10.1364/opex.12.000002

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For sufficiently low temperatures, a Bose gas experiences a transition into a Bose-Einstein condensate, characterized by a macroscopic occupation of the ground state of the system. The development of efficient cooling and trapping techniques for neutral atoms led in 1995, to the first observation of BEC in dilute alkali gases in 87Rb [1]. This remarkable achievement has been followed by BEC experiments in various other elements. The BEC has become during the last years, one of the most active and fruitful research areas of modern atomic physics, constituting an interdisciplinary field, which links atomic physics with various other research areas, like quantum optics, condensed-matter physics, and very especially nonlinear physics.
Bose–Einstein condensation was predicted in 1925 [Ein24, Ein25] but, except for its indirect manifestation in the superfluidity of He 4 [Lon38, Kap38, AllMis38], it remained a purely theoretical construct until 1995, when condensation in alkali gases was achieved in the laboratory [CorWie02, Ket02]. Since then, a great deal of the theoretical work in the previous 70 years has been put to the experimental test, while new avenues have been opening up, such as the superfluid-insulator or Mott transition [FWGF89, GMEHB02, CaHuRe06], the BEC-BCS cross-over [Leg06, Reg04] and the Tonks gas regime [Gir60, Par04]. Because of the great experimental control over the relevant parameters and the deep understanding of the fundamental physics, BECs have become a field of choice to perform experiments of interest not just in atomic and molecular physics, but also in quantum optics, condensed matter physics, quantum critical dynamics, even field theory, gravitation, cosmology and black hole physics [CoEnWi99, PetSmi02, Sou02, BonSen04, ParZha93, ParZha95, UnrSch07, BaLiVi05]. Moreover, cold Bose gases on optical lattices have been proposed as a possible implementation of a quantum information processing (QIP) device [JakZo104], boosting new interest in these systems. As introductions and reviews on this fast evolving subject abound, it is perhaps more fitting for us to focus on certain aspects of the nonequilibrium field theory of BEC, specifically [And04] the application of quantum field theoretic methods described in this book to the description of nonequilibrium evolution of condensed gases in magneto-optical traps [ChCoPh95].
The experimental realization in 1995 of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases marked the beginning of a very rapid development in the study of quantum gases. The initial experiments were performed on vapours of rubidium, sodium, and lithium. So far, the atoms 1 H, 7 Li, 23 Na, 39 K, 41 K, 52 Cr, 85 Rb, 87 Rb, 133 Cs, 170 Yb, 174 Yb and 4 He * (the helium atom in an excited state) have been demonstrated to undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. In related developments, atomic Fermi gases have been cooled to well below the degeneracy temperature, and a superfluid state with correlated pairs of fermions has been observed. Also molecules consisting of pairs of fermionic atoms such as 6 Li or 40 K have been observed to undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. Atoms have been put into optical lattices, thereby allowing the study of many-body systems that are realizations of models used in condensed matter physics. Although the gases are very dilute, the atoms can be made to interact strongly, thus providing new challenges for the description of strongly correlated many-body systems. In a period of less than ten years the study of dilute quantum gases has changed from an esoteric topic to an integral part of contemporary physics, with strong ties to molecular, atomic, subatomic and condensed matter physics. The dilute quantum gases differ from ordinary gases, liquids and solids in a number of ways, as we shall now illustrate by giving values of physical quantities.
The Field of ultracold quantum gases is no longer in its infancy. Since the first gaseous Bose–Einstein condensate was formed in 1995, physicists have made an exhaustive study of the many amazing properties of this new state of matter. Similar progress has been made with degenerate Fermigases – the quantum-mechanical cousins of Bose condensates. In addition to being fascinating in their own right, experiments on quantum gases are relevant to many different areas of physics – from atomic clocks and quantum computing to superfluidity and quantum phase transitions.