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Physics World

Ten of the best for BEC

Published Jun 1, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The rate of progress in the field of ultracold atomic gases over the past decade has been remarkable. Ever since the first Bose–Einstein condensate was produced in rubidium-87 exactly 10 years ago this month, a string of ground-breaking results has flowed from laboratories around the world. Indeed, since the Physics World website started publishing its highlights of the year in 1997, ultracold gases have only failed to make the list once (in 2000). In recent years attention has switched to degenerate Fermi gases,which are shaping up to be just as exciting (see pages 8–9).

DOI
10.1088/2058-7058/18/6/20

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The rate of progress in the field of ultracold atomic gases over the past decade has been remarkable. Ever since the first Bose–Einstein condensate was produced in rubidium-87 exactly 10 years ago this month, a string of ground-breaking results has flowed from laboratories around the world. Indeed, since the Physics World website started publishing its highlights of the year in 1997, ultracold gases have only failed to make the list once (in 2000). In recent years attention has switched to degenerate Fermi gases,which are shaping up to be just as exciting (see pages 8–9).
In recent years, much progress has been made in producing and manipulating ultracold atoms in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). But, as Williams and Julienne explain in this Perspective, molecules are poor candidates for the laser cooling techniques commonly used to produce BECs. Many groups are trying to devise techniques for making ultracold molecules. A technique reported by Wynar et al. (page 1016) has allowed the first observation of molecule formation in a BEC, and may ultimately be able to produce a pure molecular condensate.
The Field of ultracold quantum gases is no longer in its infancy. Since the first gaseous Bose–Einstein condensate was formed in 1995, physicists have made an exhaustive study of the many amazing properties of this new state of matter. Similar progress has been made with degenerate Fermigases – the quantum-mechanical cousins of Bose condensates. In addition to being fascinating in their own right, experiments on quantum gases are relevant to many different areas of physics – from atomic clocks and quantum computing to superfluidity and quantum phase transitions.
The experimental realization in 1995 of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases marked the beginning of a very rapid development in the study of quantum gases. The initial experiments were performed on vapours of rubidium, sodium, and lithium. So far, the atoms 1 H, 7 Li, 23 Na, 39 K, 41 K, 52 Cr, 85 Rb, 87 Rb, 133 Cs, 170 Yb, 174 Yb and 4 He * (the helium atom in an excited state) have been demonstrated to undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. In related developments, atomic Fermi gases have been cooled to well below the degeneracy temperature, and a superfluid state with correlated pairs of fermions has been observed. Also molecules consisting of pairs of fermionic atoms such as 6 Li or 40 K have been observed to undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. Atoms have been put into optical lattices, thereby allowing the study of many-body systems that are realizations of models used in condensed matter physics. Although the gases are very dilute, the atoms can be made to interact strongly, thus providing new challenges for the description of strongly correlated many-body systems. In a period of less than ten years the study of dilute quantum gases has changed from an esoteric topic to an integral part of contemporary physics, with strong ties to molecular, atomic, subatomic and condensed matter physics. The dilute quantum gases differ from ordinary gases, liquids and solids in a number of ways, as we shall now illustrate by giving values of physical quantities.