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Chinese Physics C

A quantum secure direct communication protocol based on a five-particle cluster state and classical XOR operation

Jian Li, Danjie Song, Xiao-Jing Guo, Bo Jing

Published Jan 1, 2012• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In order to transmit secure messages, a quantum secure direct communication protocol based on a five-particle cluster state and classical XOR operation is presented. The five-particle cluster state is used to detect eavesdroppers, and the classical XOR operation serving as a one-time-pad is used to ensure the security of the protocol. In the security analysis, the entropy theory method is introduced, and three detection strategies are compared quantitatively by using the constraint between the information that the eavesdroppers can obtain and the interference introduced. If the eavesdroppers intend to obtain all the information, the detection rate of the original ping-pong protocol is 50%; the second protocol, using two particles of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair as detection particles, is also 50%; while the presented protocol is 89%. Finally, the security of the proposed protocol is discussed, and the analysis results indicate that the protocol in this paper is more secure than the other two.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1137/36/1/005

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In order to transmit secure messages, a quantum secure direct communication protocol based on a five-particle cluster state and classical XOR operation is presented. The five-particle cluster state is used to detect eavesdroppers, and the classical XOR operation serving as a one-time-pad is used to ensure the security of the protocol. In the security analysis, the entropy theory method is introduced, and three detection strategies are compared quantitatively by using the constraint between the information that the eavesdroppers can obtain and the interference introduced. If the eavesdroppers intend to obtain all the information, the detection rate of the original ping-pong protocol is 50%; the second protocol, using two particles of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair as detection particles, is also 50%; while the presented protocol is 89%. Finally, the security of the proposed protocol is discussed, and the analysis results indicate that the protocol in this paper is more secure than the other two.
To transmit a message safely, five-particle cluster state particles are used to construct a bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol. Five-particle cluster state particles are used for both detecting eavesdroppers and transmitting secret messages. All of the five-particle cluster states' photons for detection are mixed to the sending sequence to detect eavesdroppers. The detection rate approaches 88% per qubit. The five-particle cluster states needed are only one fifth of the photons in the sending sequence. In this protocol, there is no photon carrying secret information transmitting in quantum channel, and the classical XOR operation which serves as a one-time-pad is used to ensure the security of the protocol. Compared with three photons of each five-particle cluster state as detection photons, the five photons in this study will decrease the five-particle cluster states needed for detection greatly.
We propose a quantum secure direct communication protocol utilizing four-qubit cluster state to enhance the efficiency of eavesdropping detection. In the security analysis, by applying the method of the entropy theory, we contrast our scheme to another two strategies, the Ping-pong protocol and the protocol using two particles of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair as detection particles. The comparison results show that if the eavesdropper obtains the same amount of information, the presented quantum protocol strategy will have a larger detection probability than the other two. At last, the security of the proposed protocol is discussed. The analysis results indicate that the protocol in this paper is more secure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To enhance the efficiency of eavesdropping detection in quantum secure direct communication, a quantum secure direct communication protocol based on six-qubit cluster state is proposed. In the security analysis, the method of the entropy theory is introduced, and three detection strategies are compared quantitatively by using the constraint between the information eavesdroppers can obtain and the interference introduced. If the eavesdropper obtains the same amount of information, she must face a larger detection probability in the presented scheme than the other two, and if obtains the whole information, the detection rate of the PingPong protocol is 50%; the second protocol which used two particles of EPR pair as detection particles is also 50%; while the presented protocol is 94%. At last, the security of the proposed protocol is discussed. The analysis results indicate that the protocol in this paper is more secure than the other two.
To enhance the efficiency of eavesdropping detection in quantum secure direct communication, a quantum secure direct communication protocol based on six-qubit cluster state is proposed. In the security analysis, the method of the entropy theory is introduced, and three detection strategies are compared quantitatively by using the constraint between the information eavesdroppers can obtain and the interference introduced. If the eavesdropper obtains the same amount of information, she must face a larger detection probability in the presented scheme than the other two, and if obtains the whole information, the detection rate of the PingPong protocol is 50%; the second protocol which used two particles of EPR pair as detection particles is also 50%; while the presented protocol is 94%. At last, the security of the proposed protocol is discussed. The analysis results indicate that the protocol in this paper is more secure than the other two.
In order to improve the eavesdropping detection efficiency in a two-step quantum direct communication protocol, an improved eavesdropping detection strategy using the four-particle cluster state is proposed, in which the four-particle cluster state is used to detect eavesdroppers. During the security analysis, the method of the entropy theory is introduced, and two detection strategies are compared quantitatively using the constraint between the information that the eavesdropper can obtain and the interference that has been introduced. If the eavesdroppers intend to obtain all information, the eavesdropping detection rate of the original two-step quantum direct communication protocol using EPR pair block as detection particles will be 50%; while the proposed strategy’s detection rate will be 75%. In the end, the security of the proposed protocol is discussed. The analysis results show that the eavesdropping detection strategy presented is more secure.
To transmit secure message, a controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol is proposed based on five-particle cluster state and EPR pair entanglement swapping. The sender and the controller own their EPR pair sequences respectively. The sender sends one photon of the EPR pair he owns to controller. The controller performs local unitary operation randomly on one photon of the EPR pair he owns and sends it to the receiver as his permission. The sender encodes his secret message on the other photon of the EPR pair he owns and sends it to the receiver. Because of EPR pair entanglement swapping, the two photons in the receiver's hand entangled. Under the permission of the controller, the controller and the receiver measure their new EPR pairs in the Bell basis in turn. By comparing the measurement result of the receiver and the original state, the receiver can get the secret message. To ensure the security of the message transmitting, five photons of five-particle cluster state are all mixed in sending sequence to detect eavesdropping which can bring per qubit 88% eavesdropping detection probability. Compared with taking three photons of five-particle cluster state as detection photons, five photons in this paper will decrease the number of five-particle cluster state for detection greatly. The security of the present protocol is discussed: the detection probability of this protocol is more than 88%, and intercept-measure-resend attacks and correlation-elicitation (CE) attack can be defended effectively.