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THEORETICAL STUDY OF PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH THE SOLID STATE RASER

M. L. Narchal, William A. Barker

Published Jul 1, 1961• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract : A detailed comparison is made of the relative advantages of the Overhauser effect and the Abragam effect for obtaining stimulated emission or resonant absorption of a four level system when all the thermal relaxations are taken into account. The results obtained are applied t F sub 2 negative enters in LiF for the purpose of investigating this system as a possible quantum mechanical amplifier. (Author)

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Abstract : A detailed comparison is made of the relative advantages of the Overhauser effect and the Abragam effect for obtaining stimulated emission or resonant absorption of a four level system when all the thermal relaxations are taken into account. The results obtained are applied t F sub 2 negative enters in LiF for the purpose of investigating this system as a possible quantum mechanical amplifier. (Author)
Since the demonstration of the possibility of achieving very low noise amplification of signals in the centimetric wavebands, a great deal of work has been carried out in various laboratories with a view to producing and testing devices. The major part of the present article focuses attention on one particular device, the three-level solid-state maser. The physical principles underlying the process of stimulated emission of radiation are in many cases unfamiliar to electronic engineers, and study of the growing literature on the subject can be confusing without a clear understanding of the physics involved. The present article outlines the general theory of emission and radiation processes, particularly as they apply to the microwave spectrum. A quantum mechanical description is employed throughout, and a brief and not very rigorous account is given of the relevant portions of this theory as it applies to the investigation of transistors between energy levels. Well-known expressions are derived for the operating characteristics of a three-level maser, particular attention being given to the significance of the various factors involved and their relationship to easily measured quantities. Little information is included concerning practical maser amplifiers; at the time of writing, few practical devices had been constructed. A survey of recent literature indicates the rapid progress which has since been made, and shows the interest in the development of masers.
The method of partial distributions is used to compute the normalized population distribution in an electron-nuclear coupled spin system in which I = S = 1/2. The expressions obtained are more general than those reported previously in that they include the effects of competitive relaxation and competitive radiative induced transition probabilities. It is clear that positive and negative enhancement may be obtained either by the Overhauser or the Jeffries-Abragam effect irrespective of the relative magnitudes of the nuclear Zeeman and hyperfine interaction energies. A small enhancement is not necessarily due to incomplete saturation, but may well be the result of compensating emission and absorption.
All optical oscillators and amplifiers can be analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, such as a cavity or a transmission line, which contains an amplifying medium. The operating characteristics of lasers are governed by both the electromagnetic properties of the structures and the properties of the amplifying medium. Stimulated emission and absorption of radiation from energy states are the physical basis of amplification in all laser materials. In order to study lasers, it is necessary to understand the energy levels of the amplifying medium and the stimulated transitions involving them. Quantum mechanical analysis of the energy states and the stimulated emission and absorption is presented in most books on lasers. However, quantum mechanical analyses cover only the analysis of individual atoms. We need to relate the effects of the quantum mechanical interactions to the macroscopic properties of the materials so that properties of the lasers may be analyzed. Therefore, the macroscopic susceptibility of materials related to stimulated emission and absorption is the focus of discussion in this chapter. It is not the purpose of this book to teach quantum mechanics. There are already many excellent books on this topic. The readers are assumed to have a fundamental knowledge of quantum mechanics. However, it is necessary first to review some of the major steps in order to understand precisely the notation used and the meaning of the results. This is presented in Section 5.1.