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Physical Review

Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. I. Theoretical Considerations

Theodore H. Maiman

Published Aug 15, 1961• 140 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An analysis of stimulated emission processes in fluorescent solids is presented. The kinetic equations are discussed and expressions for pumping power and effective temperature of the exciting source are given in terms of the material parameters. A comparison of excitation intensity for three- and four-level systems is given. The spectral width of the stimulated radiation is discussed with particular attention to imperfect crystals.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.123.1145

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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics•Sep 30, 1983•0 citations
An analysis of stimulated emission processes in fluorescent solids is presented. The kinetic equations are discussed and expressions for pumping power and effective temperature of the exciting source are given in terms of the material parameters. A comparison of excitation intensity for three- and four-level systems is given. The spectral width of the stimulated radiation is discussed with particular attention to imperfect crystals.
Optical absorption cross sections and the fluorescent quantum efficiency in ruby have been determined. This data has been used to correlate calculations with the analysis of the preceding paper. Stimulated emission from ruby under pulsed excitation has been studied in some detail; the observations are found to depend strongly on the perfection of the particular crystal under study. A peak power output of approximately 5 kw, total output energy of near 1 joule, beam collimation of less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ rad, and a spectral width of individual components in the output radiation of about 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$A at 6943 A have been measured. It is suggested that mode instabilities due to temperature shifts and a time-varying magnetic field are contributing to an oscillatory behavior of the output pulse.
Solutions of the rate equations for a two-level system describing spectral properties in the presence of stimulated emission under picosecond-pulse pumping conditions are examined. The materials of interest are broad band tunable, vibronic laser crystals whose lasing properties under normal pumping conditions have been related to spectral properties through the McCumber theory1. The population inversion at threshold can then be determined by three methods: lifetime shortening, band narrowing, and peak gain measurements.
Laser cooling of solids is also called anti-Stokes fluorescent cooling, it is a new optical cooling technology in recent years. We propose a two-level model to analyze the absorption and stimulated-emission processes between the Yb3+2F7/2 ground-state manifold and the 2F5/2 excited-state manifold, and discuss several parameters that influence the cooling power, and find some ways to improve the cooling power. The influences of the doped concentration, pumping power and the effective pump-spot area on cooling are particularly analyzed. At the same time, we make computer simulation about the cooling process and obtain the temperature as a function of the cooling time, which is similar to the experimental results. So this shows that our model is reasonable.
Abstract The features of fluorescence and transmission signals in optical pumping of dilute gases with non‐coherent light sources are discussed in terms of a generalized signal function. Using the spherical tensor operator formalism kinetic equations for the atomic state multipoles as well as rate equations for spontaneous emission and absorption are derived. In these rate equations the kinetics of the atomic system expressed by the, generally, time dependent state multipoles of the atomic distribution in the ground or excited state is weighted by the optical signal parameters to give a signal function, which is explicitly adapted to the experimental conditions of observation.
An analysis is made of the problem of kinetics of the superradiance decay in the case of nonlinear quenching of excited centers in four-level active media. A method is proposed for estimating the initial axial gain and of the stimulated emission cross sections of active media: it is based on a simultaneous analysis of the normalized superradiant flux and integrated population of the active medium. The proposed method is not sensitive to nonlinear quenching. A qualitative analysis is made of the decay of excitation in neodymium pentaphosphate crystals after pulsed excitation with laser radiation of the 0.538 μ wavelength and stimulated emission cross sections are estimated for the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 transition in Nd 3+ resulting in lasing at 1.051 μ and at some other wavelengths of this transition.