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Science

Ion Entanglement in Quantum Information Processing

David G. Cory, Timothy F. Havel

Published Jun 3, 2004• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum entanglement, in which the physical properties of particles become correlated, is an essential property of quantum information systems. In their Perspective, [Cory and Havel][1] discuss results reported in the same issue by [ Roos et al .][2] and by [ Leibfried et al .][3] in which trapped ions were put into entangled quantum states. The two complementary studies show that substantial progress is being made in quantum information processing and point to practical applications of entangled states. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5676/1456 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5676/1478 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5676/1476

DOI
10.1126/science.1099639

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Quantum entanglement, in which the physical properties of particles become correlated, is an essential property of quantum information systems. In their Perspective, Cory and Havel discuss results reported in the same issue by Roos et al . and by Leibfried et al . in which trapped ions were put into entangled quantum states. The two complementary studies show that substantial progress is being made in quantum information processing and point to practical applications of entangled states.
Entanglement is nowadays considered as a key quantity for the understanding of correlations, transport properties, and phase transitions in composite quantum systems, and thus receives interest beyond the engineered applications in the focus of quantum information science. We review recent experimental and theoretical progress in the study of quantum correlations under that wider perspective, with an emphasis on rigorous definitions of the entanglement of identical particles, and on entanglement studies in atoms and molecules.
Introduction In this chapter, we will focus on the phenomenon of quantum entanglement . Entanglement is a special property that some states of two or more quantum particles may possess. When particles are in an entangled state they are correlated. But entanglement is far more than mere correlation . Entanglement is a type of correlation that macroscopic objects cannot have, even in principle; it is what we call a ‘non-local’ correlation. Entanglement, and the non-locality that derives from it, is by now considered to be, arguably, the most important aspect of quantum mechanics. Philosophically it leads to many puzzles and to a complete change in our view of nature. At the same time, the practical implications of this type of correlation are very significant. In particular, they can lead to the dramatically enhanced information processing capabilities that quantum systems possess. The whole field of quantum information processing (Steane, 1998; Bennett and DiVincenzo, 2000; Zoller et al. , 2005) has entanglement at its core. Given the above, it is natural to ask whether biological systems make use and take advantage of the enhanced possibilities that entanglement offers. It seems natural to expect this, especially at biological molecular level, where the laws of quantum mechanics apply. Entanglement between two isolated particles is easy to obtain: almost every time two particles interact they get entangled. But entanglement is very fragile. When two entangled quantum systems interact with a third, they easily become entangled in a tri-partite way; however, any entanglement between any two of them is reduced or disappears altogether.
Entanglement is a counterintuitive property of quantum mechanics that allows particles such as photons to be much more strongly correlated than is possible in a classical world. In his Perspective, [Rarity][1] explains how this property may be exploited in long-distance communication. He highlights the report by [ Aspelmeyer et al .][2], who demonstrate that photons can remain entangled over distances of 600 m in free space. The results indicate that satellites in low-Earth orbit may be used for quantum communication based on entanglement. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5633/604 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/301/5633/621
Quantum entanglement, where two or more particles become correlated in such a way that the state of one particle is dependent on the state of the other(s), regardless of the distance between them, is an important concept in quantum mechanics. Here, we explore the role of quantum entanglement in quantum computing, by looking at its basic principles, and the new levels of processing power and security it allows. We also discuss the latest advances, problems and opportunities of quantum entanglement in information processing technologies, such as quantum algorithms, quantum encryption and its effect on conventional computers.