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Cambridge University Press eBooks

A perspective on possible manifestations of entanglement in biological systems

Hans J. Briegel, Sandu Popescu

Published Aug 6, 2014• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Introduction In this chapter, we will focus on the phenomenon of quantum entanglement . Entanglement is a special property that some states of two or more quantum particles may possess. When particles are in an entangled state they are correlated. But entanglement is far more than mere correlation . Entanglement is a type of correlation that macroscopic objects cannot have, even in principle; it is what we call a ‘non-local’ correlation. Entanglement, and the non-locality that derives from it, is by now considered to be, arguably, the most important aspect of quantum mechanics. Philosophically it leads to many puzzles and to a complete change in our view of nature. At the same time, the practical implications of this type of correlation are very significant. In particular, they can lead to the dramatically enhanced information processing capabilities that quantum systems possess. The whole field of quantum information processing (Steane, 1998; Bennett and DiVincenzo, 2000; Zoller et al. , 2005) has entanglement at its core. Given the above, it is natural to ask whether biological systems make use and take advantage of the enhanced possibilities that entanglement offers. It seems natural to expect this, especially at biological molecular level, where the laws of quantum mechanics apply. Entanglement between two isolated particles is easy to obtain: almost every time two particles interact they get entangled. But entanglement is very fragile. When two entangled quantum systems interact with a third, they easily become entangled in a tri-partite way; however, any entanglement between any two of them is reduced or disappears altogether.

DOI
10.1017/cbo9780511863189.015

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Introduction In this chapter, we will focus on the phenomenon of quantum entanglement . Entanglement is a special property that some states of two or more quantum particles may possess. When particles are in an entangled state they are correlated. But entanglement is far more than mere correlation . Entanglement is a type of correlation that macroscopic objects cannot have, even in principle; it is what we call a ‘non-local’ correlation. Entanglement, and the non-locality that derives from it, is by now considered to be, arguably, the most important aspect of quantum mechanics. Philosophically it leads to many puzzles and to a complete change in our view of nature. At the same time, the practical implications of this type of correlation are very significant. In particular, they can lead to the dramatically enhanced information processing capabilities that quantum systems possess. The whole field of quantum information processing (Steane, 1998; Bennett and DiVincenzo, 2000; Zoller et al. , 2005) has entanglement at its core. Given the above, it is natural to ask whether biological systems make use and take advantage of the enhanced possibilities that entanglement offers. It seems natural to expect this, especially at biological molecular level, where the laws of quantum mechanics apply. Entanglement between two isolated particles is easy to obtain: almost every time two particles interact they get entangled. But entanglement is very fragile. When two entangled quantum systems interact with a third, they easily become entangled in a tri-partite way; however, any entanglement between any two of them is reduced or disappears altogether.
This paper investigates the potential biological significance of quantum entanglement, a phenomenon predicted by quantum mechanics where two or more particles become linked in such a way that they share the same fate, no matter how far apart they are. Traditionally, biological processes have been explained through classical physics. However, recent research suggests that quantum phenomena, including entanglement, might play a role in various biological systems. This work explores the core claim that entanglement may be crucial for information transfer, energy transmission, or the regulation of biological processes within living organisms. We examine potential mechanisms by which entanglement could arise and persist within biological environments, focusing on the interactions between biological molecules. The research challenges conventional biological explanations and proposes a framework for investigating the potential impact of quantum mechanics on life itself. The fundamental question addressed is whether entanglement is a fundamental component of biological function, rather than an anomaly.
This research investigates the potential of quantum entanglement to revolutionize biological information processing. The core claim is that leveraging quantum entanglement within biological systems can significantly enhance data analysis and processing capabilities, particularly in areas such as gene expression decoding, protein-protein interaction modeling, and signal deciphering. This study explores the feasibility of constructing quantum information processing platforms based on biological quantum entanglement and investigates its potential applications within these domains. The research focuses on identifying specific mechanisms for establishing and maintaining entanglement within biological systems, proposing novel approaches for harnessing this quantum phenomenon to overcome limitations in classical computational methods. This work will address fundamental questions concerning the nature of entanglement within biological systems and its implications for advanced data analysis.
Biomolecules exhibit very complex dynamical properties and are constantly exchanging energy. These systems also behave very much like non-equilibrium systems. For example, there exist systems like proteins and their dynamics, cancer tumor progression, biophotonics and many more. These principles can also be used to understand the information processing in the DNA. There have been various studies which clearly indicate that classical physics is not enough to explain these systems. The two fundamental aspects of physics which can be applied to all systems are Quantum Mechanics and Electrodynamics. Every process or interaction has inbuilt in it these two fundamental properties. In general, the field of biomolecules is studied as a macroscopic phenomenon and the focus is mostly on the results which we detect or measure in laboratory experiments. Quantum physics concepts have been an extremely interesting tool to see the deeper aspects of such complex systems. There has always been an interest in complex systems from the Quantum Mechanics point of view. Early researchers such as Erwin Schrödinger was also said to have an interest in the quantum aspects of life. Quantum Mechanics deals with microscopic systems at the fundamental level and gives an insight into the phenomena from the lens of the dynamics of the process. Since the early days of the formulation of Quantum Mechanics, it has expressed itself as a robust theory which can describe systems such as molecular physics and chemistry, atomic physics and even systems such as proteins. This conjunction of biomolecules and quantum physics has gained immense interest recently. In this research, we make an attempt to describe the dynamics of biomolecules from two aspects, namely: (1) Fermi’s Golden Rule; (2) Quantum Entanglement in Biomolecules. In this study, we will present a new idea based on an extension in Fermi’s Golden Rule and how Quantum Entanglement plays a part in explaining Fermi’s Golden Rule further. Further, we will explain how these concepts can be applied to specific complex systems in biology.
This research investigates the potential role of quantum entanglement in biological information processing. We explore the feasibility of simulating quantum effects within biological molecules and examining the influence of entanglement on fundamental processes such as DNA sequence recognition and protein folding. The core claim centers on demonstrating how entanglement could provide a mechanism for enhanced computational capabilities within biological systems. This work contributes to the emerging field of quantum biology by proposing a novel framework for understanding biological phenomena through the lens of quantum mechanics, specifically focusing on the emergent properties of entanglement. The theoretical analysis presented here lays the groundwork for future experimental investigations and offers a new perspective on the complexities of life.
Quantum entanglement, one of the most intriguing features of multi-particle quantum systems, has become a fundamental building block in both quantum information processing and quantum computation. [10] The microscopic world is governed by the rules of quantum mechanics, where the properties of a particle can be completely undetermined and yet strongly correlated with those of other particles. Physicists from the University of Basel have observed these so-called Bell correlations for the first time between hundreds of atoms. [9] For the past 100 years, physicists have been studying the weird features of quantum physics, and now they're trying to put these features to good use. One prominent example is that quantum superposition (also known as quantum coherence)—which is the property that allows an object to be in two states at the same time—has been identified as a useful resource for quantum communication technologies. [8] Quantum entanglement—which occurs when two or more particles are correlated in such a way that they can influence each other even across large distances—is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon, but occurs in various degrees. The more a quantum state is entangled with its partner, the better the states will perform in quantum information applications. Unfortunately, quantifying entanglement is a difficult process involving complex optimization problems that give even physicists headaches. [7] A trio of physicists in Europe has come up with an idea that they believe would allow a person to actually witness entanglement. Valentina Caprara Vivoli, with the University of Geneva, Pavel Sekatski, with the University of Innsbruck and Nicolas Sangouard, with the University of Basel, have together written a paper describing a scenario where a human subject would be able to witness an instance of entanglement—they have uploaded it to the arXiv server for review by others. [6] The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron’s spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory.
Quantum entanglement, a perplexing phenomenon where two or more particles become linked and share the same fate regardless of the distance separating them, remains a profound puzzle in physics. This research investigates a novel approach to modeling entanglement, proposing a non-local model based on quantum entanglement. The core idea is to represent entanglement as a complex, non-linear relationship between multiple quantum states, leveraging the inherent properties of quantum mechanics to provide a more accurate description of correlated systems. We introduce the concept of a "hidden variable" that encapsulates the entanglement, and utilize the principles of quantum mechanics to develop a framework for understanding and predicting these correlations. This model offers a potential pathway towards enhanced quantum computation and a deeper comprehension of the quantum world.