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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Frequency stabilization of a frequency-doubled 1556 nm source to the two-photon transitions of rubidium

Amos Danielli, P. Rusian, Ady Arie, Ming-Han Chou, M. M. Fejer

Published Nov 11, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. Summary from only given. Frequency-stabilized sources near 1550 nm are required as frequency references. Owing to recent progress in optical amplifiers and in waveguide frequency doublers, we have now obtained sufficiently powerful second harmonic signal for direct detection and locking to the rubidium transition, using a single 1556 nm source.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe.2000.910208

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Frequency stabilization of a frequency-doubled 1556-nm source to the 5S_1/2 → 5D_5/2 two-photon transitions of rubidium

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Abstract We present a laser frequency locking scheme for the high excited transition of rubidium, which cannot be directly referenced by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Double resonance optical pumping spectroscopy and two-photon transition spectroscopy of a 5 S → 5 P → 5 D transition are obtained in a room temperature vapor cell and employed as the reference sources. An Allan deviation of 1.71 × 10 −12 at an averaging time of 2048 s with a residual frequency fluctuation of ±0.2 MHz over 7000 s is obtained by two-photon transition spectroscopy. The case of double resonance optical pumping spectroscopy presents an Allan deviation of 4.86 × 10 −12 at an averaging time of 2048 s with a residual frequency fluctuation of ±0.4 MHz over 7000 s. One distinct advantage of two-photon transition spectroscopy method is demonstrated by the analysis of the fast Fourier transform of error signal. A narrower full width at half-maximum of two-photon transition spectroscopy and a higher zero crossing slope by using a frequency modulation method lead to a better frequency stabilization. This work provides a technical basis for the laser frequency stabilization based on atomic and molecular transition spectroscopy, and it also supplies a new frequency standard for optical telecommunication applications.

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Optics Letters•Aug 15, 1996•43 citations
Summary form only given. Summary from only given. Frequency-stabilized sources near 1550 nm are required as frequency references. Owing to recent progress in optical amplifiers and in waveguide frequency doublers, we have now obtained sufficiently powerful second harmonic signal for direct detection and locking to the rubidium transition, using a single 1556 nm source.
Improvements in the power level of sources near 1550 nm and in the efficiency of waveguide frequency doublers enabled us to lock a frequency-doubled source directly to the 5S(1/2) ? 5D(5/2) two-photon transitions near 778 nm. We obtained a sufficiently powerful second-harmonic signal, exceeding 2 mW, by doubling an external-cavity diode laser that was amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier in a periodically poled LiNbO(3) channel waveguide. Our experimental scheme can be used for realizing compact, high-performance frequency standards near 1550 nm for fiber-optic communication and sensing applications.
Standardization of channel frequency allocation and calibration of the frequency scale at 1.55 /spl mu/m will require some frequency standards in this range. A promising avenue consists of making use of the two-photon transitions of rubidium at 778 nm to frequency-lock a 1556 nm laser. These lines have been recently measured by direct comparison to the Cs frequency standard with an uncertainty of 2 kHz. The method which we develop consists in using the second harmonic of the 1556 nm laser to injection-lock a low-cost laser diode operating at 778 nm which is then used to observe the transitions in rubidium.
This is a progress report on the realization of a compact and transportable frequency standard at 1556 nm based on a two-photon transition in rubidium at 778 nm. These hyperfine transitions present great metrological interest. They have a narrow theoretical linewidth of 150 kHz when observed with a 1556 nm laser, and their absolute frequency is known with an uncertainty of 5.2 X 10-12. In this experiment, we use a high power 1556 nm DFB laser and reduce its linewidth to the 10 kHz level using optical feedback from a confocal cavity. We generate its second harmonic in a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal and use this signal to injection-lock a Fabry-Perot laser emitting 42 mW at 778 nm. The slave laser is used to observe the Doppler-free two- photon transitions: two counter-propagating beams excite rubidium atoms which emit a blue fluorescence on resonance. This 420 nm light is detected on the side of the Rb cell with a photomultiplier. Such an optical frequency standard at 1556 nm, standing in the multiwavelength telecommunications systems window, becomes an attractive source for absolute frequency calibration of WDM components, optical spectrum analyzers and wavemeters.
We have developed frequency standards at 192.6 THz (1556.2 nm) based on the two-photon transitions in rubidium at 385.2 THz (778.1 nm). These standards use a high power DFB laser at 1556.2 nm and second harmonic generation (SHG) in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. The linewidth of the DFB is reduced to the kHz level using optical feedback from a confocal cavity. The SH light is used to injection-lock a 778.1 nm laser diode which allows to observe and lock the 1556.2 nm laser to the (5S/sub 1/2/,F/sub g/=2-5D/sub 5/2/,F/sub e/=4) two-photon transition /sup 87/Rb. Allan variance measurements between identical standards show a beat stability 2.5/spl times/10/sup -13///spl tau//sup 1/2/ for observation times between 100 ms and 10 s and a level of 5.8/spl times/10/sup -14/ for 100 s is obtained. These standards have been moved recently to the National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada in order to measure their absolute frequency.
Abstract We present a laser frequency locking scheme for the high excited transition of rubidium, which cannot be directly referenced by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Double resonance optical pumping spectroscopy and two-photon transition spectroscopy of a 5 S → 5 P → 5 D transition are obtained in a room temperature vapor cell and employed as the reference sources. An Allan deviation of 1.71 × 10 −12 at an averaging time of 2048 s with a residual frequency fluctuation of ±0.2 MHz over 7000 s is obtained by two-photon transition spectroscopy. The case of double resonance optical pumping spectroscopy presents an Allan deviation of 4.86 × 10 −12 at an averaging time of 2048 s with a residual frequency fluctuation of ±0.4 MHz over 7000 s. One distinct advantage of two-photon transition spectroscopy method is demonstrated by the analysis of the fast Fourier transform of error signal. A narrower full width at half-maximum of two-photon transition spectroscopy and a higher zero crossing slope by using a frequency modulation method lead to a better frequency stabilization. This work provides a technical basis for the laser frequency stabilization based on atomic and molecular transition spectroscopy, and it also supplies a new frequency standard for optical telecommunication applications.