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Acta Physica Polonica A

Investigation of the Fluorescence Spectra of Cs-Vapor Layers with Nanometric Thickness

Kapka Vaseva, P. Todorov, S. Cartaleva, Dimitar G. Slavov, Solomon M. Saltiel

Published Oct 1, 2009• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The high resolution spectroscopy of nanometric alkali-vapor layers has been made possible through the development of extremely thin cell.We present a detailed comparison of the fluorescence profiles amplitude and width, obtained in the extremely thin cell, both theoretically and experimentally.Experiments are performed on the D 2 line of Cs-vapor layer with thickness L = mλ, where m = 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25.The enhancement rate of the transition profiles width is not growing monotonously, but it is larger for L varying in the interval from L = 0.75λ to L = λ than that varying in the interval from L = λ to L = 1.25λ.The used theoretical model, based on the optical Bloch equations is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.

DOI
10.12693/aphyspola.116.573

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•Jul 5, 2010•0 citations
The high resolution spectroscopy of nanometric alkali-vapor layers has been made possible through the development of extremely thin cell.We present a detailed comparison of the fluorescence profiles amplitude and width, obtained in the extremely thin cell, both theoretically and experimentally.Experiments are performed on the D 2 line of Cs-vapor layer with thickness L = mλ, where m = 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25.The enhancement rate of the transition profiles width is not growing monotonously, but it is larger for L varying in the interval from L = 0.75λ to L = λ than that varying in the interval from L = λ to L = 1.25λ.The used theoretical model, based on the optical Bloch equations is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.
The high resolution spectroscopy of nanometric-thin alkali-vapor layers was made possible through the development of extremely thin cell.We have investigated the behavior of the extremely thin cell fluorescence spectra both experimentally and theoretically.Experiment is performed on the D 2 line of Cs-vapor-layer with thickness L = mλ, where m = 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25.For open optical transitions, the fluorescence spectra shows narrow dip on the top of the sub-Doppler-width fluorescence profile, at L ≥ λ.In case of closed transition, an extremely small feature in the fluorescence slightly shifted from its maximum is observed at L = (5/4)λ.The used theoretical model, based on the optical Bloch equations is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.
In this communication we report the first observation of a narrow, reduced fluorescence dip in the profile of the completely closed transition on the D2 line of 133Cs vapor, confined in Extremely Thin Cell with nanometric thickness. The theoretical modeling of the fluorescence based on the Optical Bloch Equation for two-level atomic system, shows that the narrow dip in the fluorescence could be attributed to a very small loss in the excitation process of the examined degenerate transition. While the population in the atomic system remains constant, the depolarization of the excited level can lead to some loss in the efficiency of the optical transition excitation. Under the conditions of our experiment, no dip in the fluorescence is registered for the cell thickness where a well pronounced Dicke peak in the absorption takes place. For the cells with nanometric thickness, the previous investigations demonstrate that the fluorescence profiles of optical transitions differ significantly from the absorption profiles. However, our experiment shows that some traces of the coherent Dicke process contributing to the absorption line still remain in the fluorescence, which is result of non-coherent processes.
The saturation behavior of absorption and fluorescence spectra on the D2 line of Cs is presented, demonstrating a significant difference between open and closed transitions. Cs vapor is confined in an extremely thin cell (ETC) with widely tunable thickness L=(0.5-3)λ, where λ is the light wavelength. In the saturation regime, the closed transition demonstrates enhanced absorption in a narrow spectral interval due to the Dicke effect, while the open one demonstrates only a velocity-selective dip in the absorption. The fluorescence of open transitions shows reduced fluorescence dips, enhancing their contrast with ETC thickness. The closed transition exhibits only a small plateau around the optical transition center. Applying two-level theoretical modeling based on optical Bloch equations, a qualitative agreement with experimental observations is achieved. The rate of contrast enhancement with cell thickness is larger for the theoretical than for the experimental dips. In addition, for the closed transition a tiny peak in the fluorescence is theoretically predicted, with the first experimental confirmation presented. The sub-Doppler spectra of vapor layers with a thickness of several light wavelengths show potential for realization of precise frequency references and photonics sensors.
We compare the behavior of absorption and of resonance fluorescence spectra in an extremely thin Rb vapor cell as a function of the ratio of $L∕\ensuremath{\lambda}$, with LLL the cell thickness $(L\ensuremath{\sim}150--1800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ the wavelength of the Rb D2{D}_{2}D2​ line $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=780\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mn})$. The Dicke-type coherent narrowing [G. Dutier et al., Europhys. Lett. 63, 35 (2003)] is observed only in transmission measurements, in the linear regime, with its typical collapse and revival, which reaches a maximum for $L=(2n+1)\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$ (nnn integer). It is shown not to appear in fluorescence, whose behavior-amplitude, and spectral width, is more monotonic with LLL. Conversely, at high-intensity, the sub-Doppler saturation effects are shown to be the most visible in transmission around $L=n\ensuremath{\lambda}$.
The features of Doppler-free resonances detected by probing the 133 Cs atom 6S 1/2 → 7P 3/2 transition at 456 nm in a nanometric-thick vapor layer are investigated. The matrix element of this transition is about 11 times smaller than that of the Cs D 2 line (852 nm). When the vapor layer thickness is ℓ = λ /2 ≃ 230 nm, we observe Dicke narrowing of the lines, accompanied by a red frequency shift of the atomic transitions, which is attributed to atom–surface interactions. Realizing optical pumping with ℓ ≃ 460 nm in a single-pass configuration, we observe Doppler-free resonances with a linewidth of <20 MHz, located at the atomic transition frequencies, with a correspondence of the amplitudes to the transition intensities. These narrow resonances are of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy and instrumentation and could serve as a frequency reference.
Recently unique extremely thin cells (ETC) containing atomic vapour of alkali metals with the column thickness L of an order and much less than optical light wavelength λ have been developed. It has been demonstrated that these ETC are a very promising tool for a fundamental study of atom-light, atom-atom, atom-surface and atom-external magnetic field interactions. Particularly, a dramatically different behaviour of resonant absorption, fluorescence and resonant magneto-optical processes compared to that obtained with the help of cm-long ordinary cells has been demonstrated. Possible applications based on ETC are described, such as magnetometers with nanometric spatial resolution and tunable atomic frequency references. For the study of buffer gas influence, a multi-region cell (MRC) has been developed. MRC consists of an ETC cell having a wedged thickness of the gap between the windows that allows one to form atomic vapour column thickness in the range of 0.1 ÷ 4 μm. The ETC is connected through a sapphire tube with a 1cm-long sapphire tube having sapphire windows. The 1cm-long cell has a sapphire side-arm containing Rb metal. MRC's are filled with 6 Torr and 20 Torr Neon gas, thus there is Rb vapour and buffer gas inside the MRC. The construction of the MRC allows one to compare absorption and fluorescence processes simultaneously in the case of the ETC use as well as in the case of 1cm-long ordinary cell use. The comparison of the resonant absorption and fluorescence in the extremely thin cell (ETC) filled with pure Rb with another one filled with Rb and Neon gas with the pressures of 6 Torr and 20 Torr is provided. The effect of the collapse and revival of Dicke-type narrowing is still observable for the thicknesses L = λ/2, and L = λ, with λ being the resonant laser wavelength 794 nm (D1 line of Rb), i.e. the spectra of the resonant absorption and fluorescence demonstrate strong sub-Doppler narrowing for the thickness L = λ/2 and broadening for the thickness L = λ. It is important to note that in an ordinary Rb cell with the thickness L in the range of 1mm - 10 cm filled with buffer gas, with the pressure higher than 1 Torr, in the well-known Saturation Absorption scheme, any sub-Doppler features are absent. For L = λ the so called velocity selective optical pumping/saturating resonance (VSOP) located at the atomic transition is still observable when Ne pressure is 6 Torr, while the linewidth is increased by 4 times in comparison with that obtained in a pure Rb ETC. It is also demonstrated that the use of the fluorescence spectra at L = λ/2 allows one to use ETC for the buffer gas pressure measurements. Comparison with the theory will be presented.