The Unruh effect links acceleration to thermalization, providing a relativistic setting for anomalous quantum relaxation. We demonstrate a {\it relativistic} strong quantum Mpemba effect in the Unruh thermalization of a two-level detector coupled to a massless scalar field. For a fixed pair of isospectral initial states, relaxation curves that never cross in inertial motion exhibit a Mpemba crossing above a threshold acceleration. At a higher, precisely tuned acceleration, the initially farther state has zero overlap with the slowest decay mode and relaxes with a faster asymptotic exponential rate. We identify how competition between transition and dephasing channels governs the relaxation spectrum, where sufficiently strong longitudinal coupling enables acceleration to switch the relaxation bottleneck between population and coherence modes. We derive the spectral-switching condition and construct isospectral preparation protocols that eliminate slow-mode contributions within their physical domains. Our results establish acceleration as a control parameter for anomalous quantum relaxation, connecting relativistic quantum dynamics with nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
The Unruh effect links acceleration to thermalization, providing a relativistic setting for anomalous quantum relaxation. We demonstrate a {\it relativistic} strong quantum Mpemba effect in the Unruh thermalization of a two-level detector coupled to a massless scalar field. For a fixed pair of isospectral initial states, relaxation curves that never cross in inertial motion exhibit a Mpemba crossing above a threshold acceleration. At a higher, precisely tuned acceleration, the initially farther state has zero overlap with the slowest decay mode and relaxes with a faster asymptotic exponential rate. We identify how competition between transition and dephasing channels governs the relaxation spectrum, where sufficiently strong longitudinal coupling enables acceleration to switch the relaxation bottleneck between population and coherence modes. We derive the spectral-switching condition and construct isospectral preparation protocols that eliminate slow-mode contributions within their physical domains. Our results establish acceleration as a control parameter for anomalous quantum relaxation, connecting relativistic quantum dynamics with nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
Collective coupling to the Minkowski vacuum allows uniformly accelerated quantum detectors to exhibit a strong quantum Mpemba effect, in which a state initially farther from equilibrium relaxes faster than a closer one. We establish the existence of this effect for every fixed finite number of detectors N≥2 at sufficiently small transverse separation within the pointlike secular master equation. The mechanism originates from two reflection sectors whose populations are conserved by the leading collective dynamics. Weak intersector transfer at finite separation generates an isolated, parametrically slow relaxation mode. A simple family of initial states permits its leading-order cancellation by matching the equilibrium sector populations, while a corrected preparation eliminates the slow-mode amplitude exactly. We construct a reference state that establishes a genuine reversal of trace-distance ordering. Numerical calculations and local-rate-preserving controls identify the collective origin of the effect, while spatially smeared detector calculations support its persistence within the second-order secular framework. The same mechanism extends to detectors coupled to a common thermal field, with analytically distinct slow relaxation rates. Thus, strong Mpemba relaxation is not exclusive to acceleration but emerges from a more general interplay between collective dissipation, reflection-sector conservation, and weak symmetry-breaking transfer.
The quantum Mpemba effect refers to the counterintuitive phenomenon in which a system initially farther from equilibrium relaxes faster than one prepared closer to it. Several mechanisms have been identified in open quantum systems to explain this behavior, including the strong Mpemba effect, non-Markovian memory, and initial system-reservoir entanglement. Here, we unveil a distinct mechanism rooted in the non-normal nature of the Liouvillian superoperator in Markovian dynamics. When the Liouvillian's eigenmodes are non-orthogonal, transient interference between decaying modes can induce anomalous early-time behavior-such as delayed thermalization or transient freezing-even though asymptotic decay rates remain unchanged. This differs fundamentally from strong Mpemba effects, which hinge on suppressed overlap with slow-decaying modes. We demonstrate this mechanism using a waveguide quantum electrodynamics model, where quantum emitters interact with the photonic modes of a one-dimensional waveguide. The directional and radiative nature of these couplings naturally introduces non-normality into the system's dynamics. As a result, certain initial states-despite being closer to equilibrium-can exhibit slower relaxation at short times. This work reveals a previously unexplored and universal source of Mpemba-like behavior in memoryless quantum systems, expanding the theoretical framework for anomalous relaxation and opening new avenues for control in engineered quantum platforms.
CStrong quantum Mpemba acceleration requires suppressing the slowest visible Liouvillian relaxation channel, but a robust many-body mechanism for enforcing such suppression remains challenging. We identify such a mechanism in locally dephased constrained Rydberg chains through exact slow-mode selection. For constrained single-spin-flip Hamiltonians, local dephasing turns the Hamiltonian itself into an exact left Liouvillian eigenmode, L†(H)=−γH. A finite-temperature reference state generically overlaps with this H-like slow mode, whereas translationally invariant states with Tr(Hρ0)=0 remove it and are confined to the Q=0 operator sector. When the next visible Q=0 mode decays faster, these selected states exhibit a strong quantum Mpemba effect. We demonstrate this mechanism in the PXP chain for a zero-energy scar eigenstate, the all-zero product state, and a translation-invariant Z2 cat state, and show that it persists in the (2,3) model and the longer-range blockade family. Our results identify Liouvillian mode visibility, rather than special scar wave functions, as the organizing principle for anomalously fast relaxation in constrained open quantum systems.
We investigate the quantum Mpemba effect in the relaxation of open quantum systems whose effective dynamics is described by Davies maps. We introduce a class of unitary transformations constructed from permutation matrices that, when applied to an initial state, (i) suppress the slowest decaying modes of the nonunitary dynamics and (ii) maximize the state's distinguishability from the steady state. The first condition ensures exponentially faster convergence to equilibrium, while the second implies that a quantum system initially further from equilibrium can approach it more rapidly than one that starts closer. This protocol thus realizes a genuine Mpemba effect, and its simulation requires low computational effort. We prove that, for any initial state, there exists a permutation matrix that maximizes its distance from equilibrium with respect to a chosen information-theoretic distinguishability measure. We illustrate our findings for a two-level system, as well as for the nonunitary dynamics of the transverse-field Ising chain and the XXZ chain, each weakly coupled to a bosonic thermal bath. In these cases, the quantum Mpemba effect is demonstrated using the Hilbert-Schmidt distance, quantum relative entropy, and trace distance. Overall, our results provide a versatile framework for engineering a genuine quantum Mpemba effect in Markovian open quantum systems.
An ancient and counterintuitive phenomenon known as the Mpemba effect (water can cool faster when initially heated up) showcases the critical role of initial conditions in relaxation processes. How to realize and utilize this effect for speeding up relaxation is an important but challenging task in purely quantum system till now. Here, we experimentally study the strong Mpemba effect in a single trapped ion system in which an exponentially accelerated relaxation in time is observed by preparing an optimal quantum initial state with no excitation of the slowest decaying mode. Also, we demonstrate that the condition of realizing such effect coincides with the Liouvillian exceptional point, featuring the coalescence of both the eigenvalues and the eigenmodes of the systems. Our work provides an efficient strategy to engineer the dynamics of open quantum system, and suggests a link unexplored yet between the Mpemba effect and the non-Hermitian physics. The Mpemba effect is an archetype for various anomalous relaxation phenomena. Here, the authors experimentally study a quantum version of the Mpemba effect in a single trapped ion system, where relaxation is exponentially accelerated by removing the excitation of the slowest decaying mode. This phenomenon, seen in Markovian open quantum systems containing Liouvillian exceptional points, indicates a link between the Mpemba effect and non-Hermitian physics.
The Mpemba effect refers to the counterintuitive situation in which a system initially farther from equilibrium can relax faster than one that starts closer to it. In quantum systems, the effect is enriched by the presence of coherent dynamics, dissipation, and metastable manifolds associated with long-lived Liouvillian modes. Here we demonstrate a giant Mpemba effect in open quantum systems, where relaxation can be either hyper-accelerated or dramatically slowed depending on the initial state. We focus on weakly-coupled particle-conserving bosonic networks, each of which independently relaxes rapidly to a unique stationary state. When a weak coherent interaction is introduced, the composite system typically develops slow metastable modes and a hierarchy of relaxation timescales. We show that by tailoring the interaction Hamiltonian, these slow modes can be effectively suppressed for a broad class of initial states satisfying a minimal global requirement, enabling ultrafast relaxation even when the system starts far from equilibrium. Conversely, other initial states-sometimes arbitrarily close to the stationary state-may remain trapped in the metastable manifold and decay anomalously slowly. This mechanism provides a general route to engineer giant Mpemba effects, offering new possibilities for controlling dissipative dynamics, accelerating state preparation, and manipulating relaxation processes in complex quantum devices.