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arXiv:2610.19599 · Physical Review Applied

Cryogenic Multiplexing Control Chip for Superconducting Quantum Processor

Rutian Huang, Xiao Geng, Xinyu Wu, Genting Dai, Liangliang Yang, Jianshe Liu, Wei Chen

quant-phSubmitted Oct 14, 2026• Announced Oct 15, 2026• 15 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This paper proposes a scheme and design of cryogenic multiplexing control chip (MCC) which enables one microwave cable to control many superconducting qubits. Designed based on adjustable inductor, MCC is a non-reciprocal device which generates microwave signals between 4 and 8 GHz and constructs XY control circuit to operate qubits. The effects of filters, isolators, power splitters, qubits and load impedance on MCC are analyzed in the frequency-domain simulation. And in time-domain simulation, the response time, Gaussian pulses, single-sideband, amplitude and frequency compensation of MCC are examined. The MCC can be integrated with the superconducting qubits on the same package at 20 mK temperature stage, and output specific microwave pulses used to drive the superconducting qubits without crosstalks. The MCC can greatly reduce the number of microwave control lines and is beneficial to the development of large-scale superconducting quantum processor.

Journal reference
Phys. Rev. Applied 18, 064046. Published 15 December, 2022
DOI
10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.064046

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This paper proposes a scheme and design of cryogenic multiplexing control chip (MCC) which enables one microwave cable to control many superconducting qubits. Designed based on adjustable inductor, MCC is a non-reciprocal device which generates microwave signals between 4 and 8 GHz and constructs XY control circuit to operate qubits. The effects of filters, isolators, power splitters, qubits and load impedance on MCC are analyzed in the frequency-domain simulation. And in time-domain simulation, the response time, Gaussian pulses, single-sideband, amplitude and frequency compensation of MCC are examined. The MCC can be integrated with the superconducting qubits on the same package at 20 mK temperature stage, and output specific microwave pulses used to drive the superconducting qubits without crosstalks. The MCC can greatly reduce the number of microwave control lines and is beneficial to the development of large-scale superconducting quantum processor.
This paper presents a design and fabrication process of a cryogenic multiplexing control chip (MCC) for superconducting quantum computers. The working temperature of MCC can be 10 ∼ 30 mK, because it could be integrated with quantum processor in the same package. With a multiplexing ratio of 1:4 and designed working frequency 4–8 GHz, the MCC is a non-reciprocity device which consisted of bandpass filters and isolators, which are based on tunable inductor bridges (TIB). The MCC chip size is 6 × 6 mm2 and includes λ/2 coplanar waveguides resonators, superconducting quantum interference device arrays, capacitors, low pass filters, baluns and bias lines. Adopting self-aligned process of Josephson junctions, the fabrication of MCC constitutes four lithography masks. The modular design of MCC could facilitate the development of large-scale superconducting quantum computers.
For superconducting quantum processors, microwave signals are delivered to each qubit from room-temperature electronics to the cryogenic environment through coaxial cables. Limited by the heat load of cabling and the massive cost of electronics, such an architecture is not viable for millions of qubits required for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Monolithic integration of the control electronics and the qubits provides a promising solution, which, however, requires a coherent cryogenic microwave pulse generator that is compatible with superconducting quantum circuits. Here, we report such a signal source driven by digital-like signals, generating pulsed microwave emission with well-controlled phase, intensity, and frequency directly at millikelvin temperatures. We showcase high-fidelity readout of superconducting qubits with the microwave pulse generator. The device demonstrated here has a small footprint, negligible heat load, great flexibility to operate, and is fully compatible with today's superconducting quantum circuits, thus providing an enabling technology for large-scale superconducting quantum computers.
Large-scale cryogenic quantum systems are constrained by an input-output bottleneck between room-temperature electronics and millikelvin stages, particularly in superconducting qubit platforms. This bottleneck is most acute for output lines, where bulky and expensive microwave components limit scalability. A promising approach for scalable characterization and testing is to perform signal multiplexing directly at the qubit plane. We demonstrate a cryogenic CMOS (cryoCMOS) RF multiplexer operating at 10 millikelvin with record-low static power consumption of 200 pW. The device provides < 2 dB insertion loss and > 30 dB isolation across DC-8 GHz. Direct connection to transmon qubits marginally affects coherence times in the range of 100 microseconds, enabling multiplexing of readout, flux and, in principle, XY drive lines. This work introduces cryoCMOS multiplexers as valuable tools for scalable, high-throughput cryogenic characterization and testing, and advances co-integrated quantum-classical control for future large-scale quantum processors.
Abstract Cryogenic qubit controllers (QCs) are the key to build large-scale superconducting quantum processors. However, developing scalable QCs is challenging because the cooling power of a dilution refrigerator is too small (~10 μW at ~10 mK) to operate conventional logic families, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor logic and superconducting single-flux-quantum logic, near qubits. Here we report on a scalable QC using an ultra-low-power superconductor logic family, namely adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic. The AQFP-based QC, referred to as the AQFP-multiplexed QC (AQFP-mux QC), produces multi-tone microwave signals for qubit control with an extremely small power dissipation of 81.8 pW per qubit. Furthermore, the AQFP-mux QC adopts microwave multiplexing to reduce the number of coaxial cables for operating the entire system. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate an AQFP-mux QC chip that produces microwave signals at two output ports through microwave multiplexing and demultiplexing. Experimental results show an output power of approximately −80 dBm and on/off ratio of ~40 dB at each output port. Basic mixing operation is also demonstrated by observing sideband signals.
We introduce and experimentally characterize a superconducting single-sideband modulator compatible with cryogenic microwave circuits and propose its use for frequency domain multiplexing of superconducting qubit readout. The monolithic double-balanced modulators that comprise the device are formed with purely reactive elements (capacitors and Josephson junction inductors) and require no microwave-frequency control tones. Microwave signals in the 4 to 8 GHz band, with power up to −85 dBm, are converted up or down in frequency by as much as 120 MHz. Spurious harmonics in the device can be suppressed by up to 25 dB for select probe and modulation frequencies.
Abstract Large-scale superconducting quantum computing systems entail high-fidelity control and readout of large numbers of qubits at millikelvin temperatures, resulting in a massive input-output bottleneck. Cryo-electronics, based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, may offer a scalable and versatile solution to overcome this bottleneck. However, detrimental effects due to cross-coupling between the electronic and thermal noise generated during cryo-electronics operation and the qubits need to be avoided. Here we present an ultra-low power radio-frequency (RF) multiplexing cryo-electronics solution operating below 15 mK that allows for control and interfacing of superconducting qubits with minimal cross-coupling. We benchmark its performance by interfacing it with a superconducting qubit and observe that the qubit’s relaxation times (T1) are unaffected, while the coherence times (T2) are only minimally affected in both static and dynamic operation. Using the multiplexer, single qubit gate fidelities above 99.9%, i.e., well above the threshold for surface-code based quantum error-correction, can be achieved with appropriate thermal filtering. In addition, we demonstrate the capability of time-division-multiplexed qubit control by dynamically windowing calibrated qubit control pulses. Our results show that cryo-CMOS multiplexers could be used to significantly reduce the wiring resources for large-scale qubit device characterization, large-scale quantum processor control and quantum error correction protocols.