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arXiv:2609.25699

Post-Selection-Based Stochastic Quantum Battery

Aman Verma, Roson Nongthombam, Amarendra K. Sarma

quant-phSubmitted Sep 22, 2026• Announced Sep 23, 2026• 0 citations
v1 · Sep 22, 2026v2 · Sep 25, 2026
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Abstract

Quantum batteries are quantum systems that store useful energy, which can subsequently be extracted to perform work. In this work, we investigate the charging dynamics under continuous measurements and post-selection-based non-Hermitian quantum battery realized by a three-level system. By post-selecting the trajectories with no quantum jump $|1\rangle \rightarrow |0\rangle$, the dynamics is effectively confined to a two-level manifold. We analyze the resulting charging dynamics under both $σ_x$- and $σ_y$-driving protocols and investigate the roles of detuning, coherent driving, non-linearity, and measurement backaction. The generation and dynamics of quantum coherence, which plays a pivotal role in quantum battery, are also analyzed under post-selection. The advantage and comparison of our results over those of a generic two-level system and with Lindblad dynamics are also highlighted. Our work explores the interplay between the measurement axis and the driving protocols that govern the charging rate, ergotropy, and quantum coherence of the non-Hermitian, highly tunable, and controllable quantum battery.

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Quantum batteries are quantum systems that store useful energy, which can subsequently be extracted to perform work. In this work, we investigate the charging dynamics under continuous measurements and post-selection-based non-Hermitian quantum battery realized by a three-level system. By post-selecting the trajectories with no quantum jump ∣1⟩→∣0⟩|1\rangle \rightarrow |0\rangle∣1⟩→∣0⟩, the dynamics is effectively confined to a two-level manifold. We analyze the resulting charging dynamics under both σxσ_xσx​- and σyσ_yσy​-driving protocols and investigate the roles of detuning, coherent driving, non-linearity, and measurement backaction. The generation and dynamics of quantum coherence, which plays a pivotal role in quantum battery, are also analyzed under post-selection. The advantage and comparison of our results over those of a generic two-level system and with Lindblad dynamics are also highlighted. Our work explores the interplay between the measurement axis and the driving protocols that govern the charging rate, ergotropy, and quantum coherence of the non-Hermitian, highly tunable, and controllable quantum battery.
In the process of charging a quantum battery, quantum jumps play a detrimental role because they induce transitions from higher to lower energy levels, leading to energy dissipation. This behavior directly opposes the fundamental objective of the charging protocol, which is to increase the population of higher-energy states and store usable energy in the system. Furthermore, decoherence introduced by randomness of quantum jumps leads to a mixed state, thereby reducing the amount of energy that can be extracted from the charged quantum battery. Here, we propose a quantum battery comprising an ensemble of three-level atoms in the Λ configuration to store energy in the metastable state over a long time. We demonstrate that, when spontaneous atomic transitions are restricted to occur solely from the excited state to a metastable state, with decay to the ground state completely suppressed, quantum jumps acquire a constructive character. Under these conditions, they drive the quantum battery to a fully charged state, render the entire stored energy extractable, and shorten the duration of the second stage of the charging protocol.
In the process of charging a quantum battery, quantum jumps play a detrimental role because they induce transitions from higher to lower energy levels, leading to energy dissipation. This be- havior directly opposes the fundamental objective of the charging protocol, which is to increase the population of higher-energy states and store usable energy in the system. Furthermore, decoherence introduced by randomness of quantum jumps leads to a mixed state, thereby reducing the amount of energy that can be extracted from the charged quantum battery. Here, we propose a quantum battery comprising an ensemble of three-level atoms in the Λ configuration to store energy in the metastable state over a long time. We demonstrate that, when spontaneous atomic transitions are restricted to occur solely from the excited state to a metastable state, with decay to the ground state completely suppressed, quantum jumps acquire a constructive character. Under these con- ditions, they drive the quantum battery to a fully charged state, render the entire stored energy extractable, and shorten the duration of the second stage of the charging protocol.
Quantum batteries, which use quantum systems to store and deliver energy, are promising for next-generation energy storage. However, optimizing charging strategies and understanding the interplay between dissipation and quantum coherence remain open challenges. Here, we investigate steady-state charging in an open quantum battery and demonstrate that the charging timescale depends on the spectral gap of the Liouvillian operator governing dissipative dynamics. As a minimal example, we examine a three-level quantum battery realized in a single trapped 40Ca+{}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}^{+}40Ca+ ion, where energy from an engineered thermal photon reservoir is coherently transferred to a long-lived metastable storage state. We find that long-term dynamics are confined to a low-dimensional manifold of slow Liouvillian modes, with their spectral structure determining the relaxation rate to the charged steady state. By adjusting experimentally accessible parameters, such as reservoir occupation and coherent coupling strength, the non-Hermitian Liouvillian spectrum can approach an exceptional point. This increases the spectral gap and accelerates the approach to steady state. As a result, this mechanism significantly enhances asymptotic charging power without relying on many-body collectivity or steady coherence. Our findings offer fundamental insights into open quantum thermodynamics and provide a path to efficient energy storage and fast-charging solutions in emerging quantum technologies.
In general, a quantum battery unavoidably interacts with its surroundings. Here, we study memory effects on energy and ergotropy of a quantum battery in the framework of open system dynamics, where the battery and charger are individually allowed to access a bosonic environment. Our investigation shows that the battery can be fully charged and all the energy stored in the battery can be extracted in the presence of non-Markovian dynamics, in addition, its energy can be preserved for long times compared with Markovian dynamics. Our results indicate that memory effects can play a significant role in improving the performance of quantum batteries.
We investigate open-system charging protocols for Rabi and Dicke quantum batteries under direct incoherent pumping. The charging dynamics follows a Lindblad master equation, while effective non-Hermitian generators describe the conditioned no-jump mechanism. For a single Rabi battery, this pumping suppresses coherent energy backflow, broadens the high-energy charging window, and improves robustness against both timing errors and detuning. At the selected Rabi operating points, pumping also increases ergotropy and the extractable fraction of the stored energy. For finite Dicke batteries, direct incoherent pumping likewise stabilizes the charging dynamics. Across the finite-size scan, the strongest pump considered improves the peak stored energy and ergotropy per cell and near-peak timing robustness relative to the Hermitian reference. The maximum average charging power also increases, although this metric includes pump-assisted jump contributions. Equal-input comparisons show that the relative performance of common-cavity Dicke and independent Rabi batteries varies with the pump-input bound. Taken together, these results show that direct incoherent pumping provides a route to stabilized charging in Rabi and finite Dicke quantum batteries.
Quantum batteries are energy storage or extraction devices in a quantum system. Here, we present a closed-loop quantum battery by utilizing a circularly coupled three-state quantum system, and investigate its charging dynamics. The charging performance is greatly improved due to the existence of the third field in the system to form a closed-contour interaction. Through appropriately selecting the third control field, the maximum average power can be increased, even far beyond the ideal maximum power value of non-closed-loop three-level quantum battery. We study the effect of the global driving-field phase on the charging process and find that both the maximum extractable work (“ergotropy”) and the charging power vary periodically under different control fields, with a period of . Possible experimental implementation in nitrogen-vacancy spin is discussed as well.