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arXiv:2608.00733

How NOT to build control-target gates in semiconductor quantum dots and beyond

Roman Korol, John Nichol, Ignacio Franco

cond-mat.mes-hallquant-phSubmitted Aug 1, 2026• Announced Aug 4, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Universal quantum computation requires single-qubit control together with at least one entangling two-qubit gate. CNOT and CROT gates are two famous examples of such gates, wherein the state of one qubit (control) dictates the transformation applied to the other (target). By using a simple derivation motivated by symmetry, we show that current device architectures of semiconductor-based quantum dot devices prevent efficient implementation of a CNOT and other asymmetric control-target gates via Heisenberg exchange, Coulomb repulsion, or other interaction that is invariant under spin exchange. Guided by this general principle, we propose a heterogeneous blueprint of double quantum dot devices that enables efficient implementation of the CNOT by breaking the spin exchange symmetry. Crucially, our numerical simulations predict that this novel device blueprint can enable a single-pulse fault-tolerant 100-ns CNOT gate in isotopically purified silicon.

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Universal quantum computation requires single-qubit control together with at least one entangling two-qubit gate. CNOT and CROT gates are two famous examples of such gates, wherein the state of one qubit (control) dictates the transformation applied to the other (target). By using a simple derivation motivated by symmetry, we show that current device architectures of semiconductor-based quantum dot devices prevent efficient implementation of a CNOT and other asymmetric control-target gates via Heisenberg exchange, Coulomb repulsion, or other interaction that is invariant under spin exchange. Guided by this general principle, we propose a heterogeneous blueprint of double quantum dot devices that enables efficient implementation of the CNOT by breaking the spin exchange symmetry. Crucially, our numerical simulations predict that this novel device blueprint can enable a single-pulse fault-tolerant 100-ns CNOT gate in isotopically purified silicon.
A crucial requirement for scalable quantum-information processing is the realization of multiple-qubit quantum gates. Universal multiple-qubit gates can be implemented by a set of universal single qubit gates and any one kind of two-qubit gate, such as a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate. Semiconductor quantum dot qubits are a leading approach for the physical implementation of quantum computation, due to their potential for large-scale integration. Two-qubit gate operations have been so far only demonstrated in individual electron spin-based quantum dot systems. Due to the relatively short de-coherence time, charge qubits in quantum dots are generally considered to be inferior for going beyond single qubit level. Here, we demonstrate the benchmarking CNOT gate in two capacitively coupled charge qubits, each consisting of an electron confined in a GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum dot. Owing to the strong inter-qubit coupling strength, gate operations with a clock speed up to 5GHz has been realized. A processing tomography shows encouragingly that the universal two-qubit gate operations have comparable fidelities to that of spin-based two-qubit gates. Our results suggest that semiconductor charge qubits have a considerable potential for scalable quantum computing and may stimulate the use of long-range Coulomb interaction for coherent quantum control in other devices.
Single-qubit rotations and two-qubit CNOT operations are crucial ingredients for universal quantum computing. Although high-fidelity single-qubit operations have been achieved using the electron spin degree of freedom, realizing a robust CNOT gate has been challenging because of rapid nuclear spin dephasing and charge noise. We demonstrate an efficient resonantly driven CNOT gate for electron spins in silicon. Our platform achieves single-qubit rotations with fidelities greater than 99%, as verified by randomized benchmarking. Gate control of the exchange coupling allows a quantum CNOT gate to be implemented with resonant driving in ~200 nanoseconds. We used the CNOT gate to generate a Bell state with 78% fidelity (corrected for errors in state preparation and measurement). Our quantum dot device architecture enables multi-qubit algorithms in silicon.
A two-qubit controlled-not (cnot) gate, realized by a controlled-phase (C-phase) gate combined with single-qubit gates, has been experimentally implemented recently for quantum-dot spin qubits in isotopically enriched silicon, a promising solid-state system for practical quantum computation. In the experiments, the single-qubit gates have been demonstrated with fault-tolerant control fidelity, but the infidelity of the two-qubit C-phase gate is, primarily due to the electrical noise, still higher than the required error threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). Here, by taking the realistic system parameters and the experimental constraints on the control pulses into account, we construct experimentally realizable high-fidelity cnot gates robust against electrical noise with the experimentally measured 1/f1.011/{f}^{1.01}1/f1.01 noise spectrum and also against the uncertainty in the interdot tunnel coupling amplitude. Our fine-tuned optimal cnot gate has about two orders of magnitude improvement in gate infidelity over the ideal C-phase gate constructed without considering any noise effect. Furthermore, within the same control framework, high-fidelity and robust single-qubit gates can also be constructed, paving the way for large-scale FTQC.
Implementing high-fidelity two-qubit gates in single-electron spin qubits in silicon double quantum dots is still a major challenge. In this work we employ analytical methods to design control pulses that generate high-fidelity entangling gates for quantum computers based on this platform. Using realistic parameters and initially assuming a noise-free environment, we present simple control pulses that generate cnot, cphase, and cz gates with average fidelities greater than 99.99% and gate times as short as 45 ns. Moreover, using the local invariants of the system's evolution operator, we show that a simple square pulse generates a cnot gate in less than 27 ns and with a fidelity greater than 99.99%. Last, we use the same analytical methods to generate two-qubit gates locally equivalent to CNOT\sqrt{\mathrm{CNOT}}CNOT​ and CZ\sqrt{\mathrm{CZ}}CZ​ that are used to implement simple two-piece pulse sequences that produce high-fidelity cnot and cz gates in the presence of low-frequency noise.
Implementing high-fidelity two-qubit gates in single-electron spin qubits in silicon double quantum dots is still a major challenge. In this work, we employ analytical methods to design control pulses that generate high-fidelity entangling gates for quantum computers based on this platform. Using realistic parameters, we present simple control pulses that generate CNOT, CPHASE, and CZ gates with average fidelities greater than 99.99% and gate times as short as 45 ns. Moreover, using the local invariants of the system's evolution operator, we show that a simple square pulse generates a CNOT gate in less than 27 ns and with a fidelity greater than 99.99%. Last, we use the same analytical methods to generate two-qubit gates locally equivalent to CNOT\sqrt{CNOT}CNOT​ and CZ\sqrt{CZ}CZ​ that are used to implement simple two-piece pulse sequences that produce high-fidelity CNOT and CZ gates in the presence of low-frequency noise.
We theoretically propose a set of universal quantum gates acting on a hybrid qubit formed by coupling a quantum-dot spin qubit and Majorana fermion qubit. First, we consider a quantum dot that is tunnel coupled to two topological superconductors. The effective spin-Majorana exchange facilitates a hybrid cnot gate for which either qubit can be the control or target. The second setup is a modular scalable network of topological superconductors and quantum dots. As a result of the exchange interaction between adjacent spin qubits, a cnot gate is implemented that acts on neighboring Majorana qubits and eliminates the necessity of interqubit braiding. In both setups, the spin-Majorana exchange interaction allows for a phase gate, acting on either the spin or the Majorana qubit, and for a swap or hybrid swap gate which is sufficient for universal quantum computation without projective measurements.