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arXiv:2606.11146

The Yang-Baxter Equation for the Chiral Potts Model and Integrable Parafermions

Zhao Zhang

math-phcond-mat.stat-mechhep-thquant-phSubmitted Jun 9, 2026• Announced Jun 10, 2026• 0 citations
v1 · Jun 9, 2026v2 · Aug 15, 2026
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Abstract

A new type of Yang-Baxter equation (YBE) for $R$-matrices parameterized by three spectral parameters is constructed from the star-triangle and star-star relations for the chiral Potts model. As the $Z_N$ symmetric generalization to the Ising model, its Boltzmann weights are known to depend on two variables describing a curve with genus larger than one for $N>2$, except for the self-dual point corresponding to the Fateev-Zamolodchikov chain. This combined with the fact that the quantum Hamiltonians of edge models like Ising contain both nearest neighbor interaction and onsite potential terms results in the extra spectral parameter of the $R$-operator. My construction extends the recent unification of solvable edge and vertex models which recasts Onsager's star-triangle relation from a mere alternative form of the YBE for edge models to its underlying ingredient.

Comments
23 pages, 4 figures

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A new type of Yang-Baxter equation (YBE) for RRR-matrices parameterized by three spectral parameters is constructed from the star-triangle and star-star relations for the chiral Potts model. As the ZNZ_NZN​ symmetric generalization to the Ising model, its Boltzmann weights are known to depend on two variables describing a curve with genus larger than one for N>2N>2N>2, except for the self-dual point corresponding to the Fateev-Zamolodchikov chain. This combined with the fact that the quantum Hamiltonians of edge models like Ising contain both nearest neighbor interaction and onsite potential terms results in the extra spectral parameter of the RRR-operator. My construction extends the recent unification of solvable edge and vertex models which recasts Onsager's star-triangle relation from a mere alternative form of the YBE for edge models to its underlying ingredient.
Exact Spectrum of the Critical Three-State Potts Chain (G Albertini) New Results Related to the Chiral Potts Model (H Au-Yang & J H H Perk) Chiral Potts Model: Corner Transfer Matrices and Parametrizations (R J Baxter) Solvable Lattice Models in Three Dimensions (VV Bazhanov) Dressing Symmetries (D Bernard) Knot Theory and Chem-Simons Lagrangian: Some Remarks about the corresponding Diagrams (P Cartier) Recent Progress in 2-D Quantum Gravity (V Dotsenko) On Coordinate Algebras of Quantum Groups at Root of Unity (B Enriquez) Integrability in Discrete Systems (B Grammaticos) New Construction of Solvable RSOS Models (S 0 Warnaar) Birational Automorphisms and Yang-Baxter Equations (J-M Maillard) Yang-Baxter Equations and Non-Commutative Differential Calculus (G Maltsiniotis) Physics Beyond Quasi-Particules: Spectrum and Completeness of the Three-State Superintegrable Chiral Potts Model (B M McCoy) Analytic Calulation of Conformal Weights for A-D-E Lattice Models (P Pearce) Quantum Tops (A Reiman) Remarks on Quasi-Hopf Algebras (M Rosso) Symmetries of the Yang-Baxter Equations: A Remarkable Family of Discrete Groups (C-M Viallet) The Yang-Baxter Equation in Knot Theory (F Y Wu).
Starting from the Kauffman-Lomonaco braiding matrix transforming the natural basis to Bell states, the spectral parameter describing the entanglement is introduced through Yang-Baxterization. It gives rise to a new type of solutions for Yang-Baxter equation, called the type-II that differs from the familiar solution called type-I of YBE associated with the usual chain models. The Majorana fermionic version of type-II yields the Kitaev Hamiltonian. The introduced ℓ 1 -norm leads to the maximum of the entanglement by taking the extreme value and shows that it is related to the Wigner's D-function. Based on the Yang-Baxter equation the 3-body S-Matrix for type-II is explicitly given. Different from the type-I solution, the type-II solution of YBE should be considered in describing quantum information. The idea is further extended to 3 parafermion model based on SU (3) principal representation. The type-II is in difference from the familiar type-I in many respects. For example, the quantities corresponding to velocity in the chain models obey the Lorentzian additivity rather than Galilean rule ( u + v ). Most possibly, for the type-II solutions of YBE there may not exist RTT relation. Further more, for 3 parafermion model we only need the rational Yang-Baxterization, which seems like trigonometric. Similar discussions are also made in terms of generalized Yang-Baxter equation with three spin spaces .
In modern terminology, this is the first published paper where the solutions of Yang - Baxter equation "at roots of unity" were analyzed and shown to be related to algebraic curves of genus >1. They are also known now to be connected with the "chiral Potts model". The paper's abstract as written in 1986 reads: "Vacuum vectors of an L-operator form a holomorphic bundle over the vacuum curve of that operator. These notions, as well as the theory of commutation relations of the 6-vertex model, are used in this work for constructing solutions of the Yang - Baxter equation that do not possess a spectral parameter of traditional type".
<!-- *** Custom HTML *** --> The discrete quantum Sine-Gordon model at roots of unity remarkably combines a classical integrable system with an integrable quantum spin system, whose parameters obey classical equations of motion. We show that the fundamental RRR-matrix of the model (which satisfies a difference property Yang–Baxter equation) naturally splits into a product of a singular "classical" part and a finite dimensional quantum part. The classical part of the RRR-matrix itself satisfies the quantum Yang–Baxter equation, and therefore can be factored out producing, however, a certain "twist" of the quantum part. We show that the resulting equation exactly coincides with the star-triangle relation of the NNN-state chiral Potts model. The associated spin model on the whole lattice is, in fact, more general than the chiral Potts and reduces to the latter only for the simplest (constant) classical background. In a general case the model is inhomogeneous: its Boltzmann weights are determined by non-trivial background solutions of the equations of motion of the classical discrete sine-Gordon model.
The Yang-Baxter Equation (YBE) plays a crucial role for studying integrable many-body quantum systems. Many known YBE solutions provide various examples ranging from quantum spin chains to superconducting systems. Models of solvable statistical mechanics and their avatars are also based on YBE. Therefore, new solutions of the YBE could be used to construct new interesting 1D quantum or 2D classical systems with many other far-reaching applications. In this work, we attempt to find (almost) exhaustive set of solutions for the YBE in the lowest dimensions corresponding to a two-qubit case. We develop an algorithm, which can potentially be used for generating new higher-dimensional solutions of the YBE.