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arXiv:2605.14263

Open Quantum Theory of Shot Noise in Dissipative Chiral Transport

Ming Gong, Masahito Ueda

cond-mat.mes-hallquant-phSubmitted May 14, 2026• Announced May 15, 2026
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Abstract

We develop an open quantum theory for shot-noise dynamics in dissipative chiral transport. By mapping a system under consideration onto a quantum circuit, we show that current noise is governed by two competing factors: the average occupancy distribution and particle-number fluctuations. With energy fully relaxed, shot noise is strongly suppressed, reflecting the stacking of electrons into lower energy states due to dissipation. This process quenches the partition noise from partially occupied levels, and finally isolates the residual noise protected by strong $U(1)$ symmetry. Moreover, selectively heating the source against the bath uncovers the underlying competition between the noise contributions from the occupancy distribution and those from the particle-number fluctuations. It triggers a sign reversal in inter-channel correlation noise, a signature masked by seemingly identical single-channel thermal noises. We propose an inversion scheme to experimentally reconstruct the hidden occupancy distribution directly from measurable noise cumulants.

Comments
13 pages, 9 figures

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We develop an open quantum theory for shot-noise dynamics in dissipative chiral transport. By mapping a system under consideration onto a quantum circuit, we show that current noise is governed by two competing factors: the average occupancy distribution and particle-number fluctuations. With energy fully relaxed, shot noise is strongly suppressed, reflecting the stacking of electrons into lower energy states due to dissipation. This process quenches the partition noise from partially occupied levels, and finally isolates the residual noise protected by strong U(1)U(1)U(1) symmetry. Moreover, selectively heating the source against the bath uncovers the underlying competition between the noise contributions from the occupancy distribution and those from the particle-number fluctuations. It triggers a sign reversal in inter-channel correlation noise, a signature masked by seemingly identical single-channel thermal noises. We propose an inversion scheme to experimentally reconstruct the hidden occupancy distribution directly from measurable noise cumulants.
We study the current noise spectrum of qubits under transport conditions in a dissipative bosonic environment. We combine (non-)Markovian master equations with correlation functions in Laplace space to derive a noise formula for both weak and strong coupling to the bath. The coherence-induced reduction of noise is diminished by weak dissipation and/or a large level separation (bias). For weak dissipation, we demonstrate that the dephasing and relaxation rates of the two-level systems can be extracted from noise. In the strong dissipation regime, the localization-delocalization transition becomes visible in the low-frequency noise.
Understanding the entanglement dynamics in quantum many-body systems under steady-state transport conditions is an actively pursued challenging topic. Hydrodynamic equations, akin to transport equations for charge or heat, would be of great interest but face severe challenges because of the inherent nonlocality of entanglement and the difficulty of identifying conservation laws. We show that progress is facilitated by using information as key quantity related to - but distinct from - entanglement. Employing the recently developed "information lattice" framework, we formulate general continuity equations governing the flow of spatially and scale-resolved information currents in nonequilibrium open quantum systems. To illustrate our theory, we consider noninteracting fermion chains coupled to dissipative reservoirs, using Lindblad master equations. By relating the information lattice to a noise lattice constructed from particle-number fluctuations, we show that information is experimentally accessible via noise measurements. Similarly, local information currents can be obtained by measuring particle currents, onsite occupations, and covariances of particle numbers and/or particle currents. Using the fermionic negativity to quantify bipartite entanglement, we also study transport-induced entanglement and its relation to information currents. For a clean particle-hole symmetric chain, we find that information currents are shielded from entering the information lattice. Impurities or particle-hole asymmetry break this effect, causing information current flow and entanglement between end segments of the chain. Our work opens the door to systematic investigations of information transport and entanglement generation in driven open quantum systems far from equilibrium.
We review our recent contributions to two topics that have become of interest in the field of open, dissipative quantum systems: non-Gaussian noise and decoherence in fermionic systems. Decoherence by non-Gaussian noise, i.e. by an environment that cannot be approximated as a bath of harmonic oscillators, is important in nanostructures (e.g. qubits) where there might be strong coupling to a small number of fluctuators. We first revisit the pedagogical example of dephasing by classical telegraph noise. Then we address two models where the quantum nature of the noise becomes essential: "quantum telegraph noise" and dephasing by electronic shot noise. In fermionic systems, many-body aspects and the Pauli principle have to be taken care of when describing the loss of phase coherence. This is relevant in electronic quantum transport through metallic and semiconducting structures. Specifically, we recount our recent results regarding dephasing in a chiral interacting electron liquid, as it is realized in the electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This model can be solved employing the technique of bosortization as well as a physically transparent semiclassical method. (C) 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Abstract We review our recent contributions to two topics that have become of interest in the field of open, dissipative quantum systems: non‐Gaussian noise and decoherence in fermionic systems. Decoherence by non‐Gaussian noise, i.e. by an environment that cannot be approximated as a bath of harmonic oscillators, is important in nanostructures (e.g. qubits) where there might be strong coupling to a small number of fluctuators. We first revisit the pedagogical example of dephasing by classical telegraph noise. Then we address two models where the quantum nature of the noise becomes essential: “quantum telegraph noise” and dephasing by electronic shot noise. In fermionic systems, many‐body aspects and the Pauli principle have to be taken care of when describing the loss of phase coherence. This is relevant in electronic quantum transport through metallic and semiconducting structures. Specifically, we recount our recent results regarding dephasing in a chiral interacting electron liquid, as it is realized in the electronic Mach–Zehnder interferometer. This model can be solved employing the technique of bosonization as well as a physically transparent semiclassical method (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Open quantum many body systems describe several quantum simulators, ranging from arrays of superconducting circuits hosting correlated states of light, to ultracold atoms in optical lattices in presence of controlled dissipative processes. Their theoretical understanding is hampered by the exponential scaling of their Hilbert space and by their intrinsic nonequilibrium nature, limiting the applicability of many traditional approaches. In this work we extend Dynamical Mean Field Theory (DMFT), a powerful nonperturbative technique developed for strongly correlated quantum many-body systems, to Markovian open quantum systems. Within Open-DMFT, a master equation describing a lattice of bosonic particles is mapped, at large but finite connectivity, onto an impurity problem describing a single site coupled to Markovian and non-Markovian environments, where the latter accounts for quantum fluctuations beyond Gutzwiller mean-field theory. We introduce a new non-perturbative approach to solve the impurity problem, which dresses the impurity, featuring Markovian dissipative channels, with the non-Markovian bath, in a self-consistent scheme based on a resummation of non-crossing diagrams. Finally, we apply our Open-DMFT to solve a driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard model, which is relevant to current experiments with dissipative ultracold bosons. We show that this model undergoes a dissipative phase transition towards a superfluid phase, which can be equally interpreted as a quantum many-body synchronization transition of an array of quantum van der Pol oscillators. We show how Open-DMFT captures crucial effects due to finite lattice connectivity, such as hopping-induced dissipation and heating, which are completely missed by mean field theories and which lead to a drastic reduction of the broken symmetry phase that we interpret as a desynchronization driven by quantum fluctuations.
The basic equations governing noise phenomena are derived from first principles and applied to examples in optical communications. Quantum noise arises from two sources, the momentum fluctuations of electrons at optical frequencies and the uncertainty-related fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. Shot noise results from the beating of the noise sources with the signal field. In high-gain amplifiers, the spontaneous-emission noise dominates shot noise and results in a noise figure of at least 3 dB. It is shown explicitly how, at high power, both the laser field and the laser noise source become classical. The increase in noise in lasers with open cavities is not due to enhanced spontaneous emission as once thought, but to single-pass amplification. The noise fields and spontaneous currents have Gaussian distributions, while nonlasing modes have exponential photon-number distributions. Low-frequency intensity fluctuations arise from the electric current driving the laser and can be sub-Poissonian, in contrast to shot noise, which has a Poissonian distribution. The calculational tools are a wave equation for the field operator and a rate equation for the carrier-number operator, each containing spontaneous current noise sources. The correlation functions of these sources are determined by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. [S0034-6861(96)00503-X]