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arXiv:2602.03748 · Physical review. D/Physical review. D.

Quantum speed limit time for bipartite entanglement in neutrino oscillations in matter with nonstandard interactions

Abhishek Kumar Jha, Lekhashri Konwar, Rukmani Mohanta

hep-phquant-phSubmitted Feb 3, 2026• Announced Feb 4, 2026• 0 citations• Revised Oct 14, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Feb 3, 2026v2 · Oct 14, 2026
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Abstract

In the three-flavor neutrino oscillation framework, we investigate the transition probabilities of an initial muon neutrino flavor state in the presence of nonstandard interactions (NSIs) characterized by complex off-diagonal ($|ε_{αβ}|e^{iφ_{αβ}}$) and diagonal parameters ($|ε_{αα}-ε_{ββ}|$), including a $CP$-violating phase and a constant matter potential, under both normal (NO) and inverted mass ordering (IO) scenarios. Within these scenarios and through the lens of mode entanglement, bipartite entanglement measures such as entanglement entropy and capacity of entanglement are quantified in terms of the transition probabilities, which can be measured in neutrino oscillation experiments. Using these two bipartite entanglement measures, we further explore the quantum speed limit (QSL) time, which describes how rapidly bipartite entanglement evolves during neutrino oscillations. We illustrate our results using the baseline lengths and energies corresponding to ongoing long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments, such as T2K, NO$ν$A, and the upcoming DUNE experiment. In the presence of a $CP$-violating phase and a constant matter potential, both with and without NSI effects, we compare the QSL time behavior for bipartite entanglement in neutrino oscillations for NO and IO. The most pronounced discrepancies in the QSL time for bipartite entanglement arise from the off-diagonal NSI parameter $ε_{μτ}$ across both the NO and IO scenarios. We emphasize that among all the experiments considered, NO$ν$A and DUNE exhibit a rapid suppression of bipartite entanglement in neutrino oscillations in the standard oscillation scenario with NO at the end of their baseline lengths for the corresponding best-fit value of $CP$-violating phase. Our results hint at a possible imprint of new physics in neutrino oscillations.

Journal reference
Phys. Rev. D 114, 076011 (2026)
DOI
10.1103/r6t7-wnbz
Comments
v1: 27 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. Matches the published version

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In the three-flavor neutrino oscillation framework, we investigate the transition probabilities of an initial muon neutrino flavor state in the presence of nonstandard interactions (NSIs) characterized by complex off-diagonal (∣εαβ∣eiφαβ|ε_{αβ}|e^{iφ_{αβ}}∣εαβ​∣eiφαβ​) and diagonal parameters (∣εαα−εββ∣|ε_{αα}-ε_{ββ}|∣εαα​−εββ​∣), including a CPCPCP-violating phase and a constant matter potential, under both normal (NO) and inverted mass ordering (IO) scenarios. Within these scenarios and through the lens of mode entanglement, bipartite entanglement measures such as entanglement entropy and capacity of entanglement are quantified in terms of the transition probabilities, which can be measured in neutrino oscillation experiments. Using these two bipartite entanglement measures, we further explore the quantum speed limit (QSL) time, which describes how rapidly bipartite entanglement evolves during neutrino oscillations. We illustrate our results using the baseline lengths and energies corresponding to ongoing long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments, such as T2K, NOνννA, and the upcoming DUNE experiment. In the presence of a CPCPCP-violating phase and a constant matter potential, both with and without NSI effects, we compare the QSL time behavior for bipartite entanglement in neutrino oscillations for NO and IO. The most pronounced discrepancies in the QSL time for bipartite entanglement arise from the off-diagonal NSI parameter εμτε_{μτ}εμτ​ across both the NO and IO scenarios. We emphasize that among all the experiments considered, NOνννA and DUNE exhibit a rapid suppression of bipartite entanglement in neutrino oscillations in the standard oscillation scenario with NO at the end of their baseline lengths for the corresponding best-fit value of CPCPCP-violating phase. Our results hint at a possible imprint of new physics in neutrino oscillations.
The quantum speed limits (QSLs) set fundamental lower bounds on the time required for a quantum system to evolve from a given initial state to a final state. In this work, we investigate C P violation and the mass ordering problem of neutrino oscillations in matter using the QSL time as a key analytical tool. We examine the QSL time for the unitary evolution of two- and three-flavor neutrino states, both in vacuum and in the presence of matter. Two-flavor neutrino oscillations are used as a precursor to their three-flavor counterparts. We further compute the QSL time for neutrino state evolution and entanglement in terms of neutrino survival and oscillation probabilities, which are experimentally measurable quantities in neutrino experiments. A difference in the QSL time between the normal and inverted mass ordering scenarios, for neutrino state evolution as well as for entanglement, under the effect of a C P violation phase is observed. Our results are illustrated using the length scales and energies of ongoing long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments such as T2K, NOvA, and the upcoming DUNE experiment. Notably, three-flavor neutrino oscillations in constant matter density exhibit faster state evolution across all these neutrino experiments in the normal mass ordering scenario. Additionally, we observe fast entanglement suppression in DUNE assuming a normal mass ordering.
The flavor oscillations in the neutrino system are known to be related to the multimode entanglement of a single particle state. Neutrino oscillations are shown to encompass not only quantum superposition among different mass eigenstates but also a single-particle multimode entanglement in the flavor basis as they propagate. In the framework of three flavor neutrino oscillations, we demonstrate that the measures of entanglement can be expressed in terms of experimentally accessible appearance and disappearance probabilities. We explicitly show here that the genuine tripartite entanglement measure, i.e., the tangle, vanishes identically for all flavors, signifying that a three flavor neutrino system forms a W-type entangled state. Further, we investigate alternative measures of tripartite entanglement like the partial tangle and the concurrence fill, which capture the total sharing of entanglement beyond pairwise correlations. In terms of bipartite and bipartitioned entanglement measures, we derive the symmetric invariant and the concurrence fill, which quantify the distributed entanglement and are completely expressible in terms of flavor transition probabilities. These entanglement measures display distinct energy dependent patterns across the oscillation window, which can be experimentally accessible in the long baseline experiments like DUNE, providing an alternative quantum information perspective on flavor evolution. We use General Long Baseline Experiment Simulator simulations within the DUNE setup to investigate these tripartite entanglement measures in terms of neutrino energy and the length of the baseline. It is observed that, at the point of maximal mixing, these measures show near maximal entanglement between the muon and the tau flavor modes, establishing entanglement monogamy. Within the DUNE setup, the wide band of energy and expected higher sensitivity to C P violation at the second oscillation maximum provide a unique advantage to explore the quantum correlation effects across a broader energy window. Thus, the flavor coherence and C P -phase dependent interference can influence the quantum entanglement measures among neutrino flavor modes, and thereby, such potential new physics effects can be probed in current or future planned neutrino experiments.
NNumerous neutrino experiments have confirmed the phenomenon of neutrino oscillation, providing direct evidence of the quantum mechanical nature of neutrinos. In this work, we investigate the entanglement properties of neutrino flavor states within the framework of three-flavor neutrino oscillation using two major entanglement measures: entanglement of formation (EOF) and concurrence, utilizing the DUNE experimental setup. Our findings indicate that the maximally entangled state appears between ν μ and ν τ whereas, ν e behaves as a nearly separable state. To further explore the nature of bipartite entanglement, we introduce the concept of the monogamy of entanglement, which allows us to investigate the distinction between genuine three-flavor entanglement and bipartite entanglement. Our analysis confirms that the three-flavor neutrino system forms a bipartite entanglement structure, adhering to the Coffman-Kundu-Wootters (CKW) inequality. Additionally, we implement a minimization procedure to find the best-fit values of the oscillation parameters that correspond to the concurrence minima at the two specific energy points where the concurrence reaches its lowest values. Using these best-fit values, we probe three fundamental unknowns in neutrino oscillation: CP violation sensitivity, neutrino mass hierarchy, and the octant issue of θ 23 , across two distinct energy points. Our results manifest that while the best-fit values obtained through concurrence minimization show slightly reduced sensitivity to CP violation compared to current best-fit values, they exhibit greater sensitivity to the mass hierarchy. Furthermore, the study reveals a maximal mixing angle for the atmospheric sector.
Abstract In this work, we explore the influence of off-diagonal non-standard interaction (NSI) parameters on quantum entanglement within the three-flavor neutrino oscillation framework. By expressing three key entanglement measures: Entanglement of Formation (EOF), Concurrence, and Negativity in terms of oscillation probabilities, we analyze how these quantum correlations are affected by the NSI parameters ϵ eμ , ϵ eτ , and ϵ μτ , including their complex phases. The quantum correlation measures considered in this work cannot be extracted directly from event rates, but solely in terms of oscillation probabilities. Using the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment experiment as a reference point, our analysis shows that NSI effects are most pronounced at lower energies, while Negativity continuing to dominate even at higher energies. It is observed that ϵ eμ and ϵ eτ affect entanglement measures mainly through the appearance channel, while the impact of ϵ μτ on EOF, Concurrence, and Negativity is predominantly linked to the disappearance channel. Further, our results show that Negativity is more sensitive than EOF and Concurrence in the [Energy ( E )– δ CP ] plane under the influence of off-diagonal NSI scenarios, displaying a clear dependence of the CP-violating phase, δ CP on specific energy ranges, particularly in the lower energy regime.
In this study, we investigate the impact of new physics on different measures of tripartite entanglement within the context of three-flavor neutrino oscillations. These measures encompass concurrence, entanglement of formation, and negativity. We analyze the influence of new physics on these measures across a range of experimental setups involving both reactors and accelerators. Reactor experiments under consideration include Daya Bay, JUNO, and KamLAND setups, while accelerator experiments encompass T2K, MINOS, and DUNE. Our analysis reveals that accelerator experiments demonstrate greater sensitivity to NSI, with the most pronounced impact observed in the DUNE experiment. Negativity, while a weaker metric compared to EOF and concurrence, exhibits maximal sensitivity to NSI effects, particularly evident when neutrinos possess moderate to high energies. Conversely, reactor experiments demonstrate less sensitivity to NSI, with concurrence and EOF displaying more prominent effects.
Abstract In this study, we analyze the influence of non-standard interaction (NSI) on steering in three-flavor neutrino oscillations, with a focus on the NOνA and DUNE experimental setups. DUNE, having a longer baseline, exhibits a more pronounced deviation towards NSI in steering compared to NOνA. Within the energy range where DUNE’s maximum flux appears, the steering value for DUNE shows a 21% deviation from the standard model (SM) to NSI for normal ordering (NO), while for inverted ordering (IO), the steering value increases by approximately 15% relative to the SM. We conduct a comparative analysis of nonlocality, steering, and entanglement. Additionally, we express steering in terms of three-flavor neutrino oscillation probabilities and explore the relationship between steering inequality and concurrence.