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arXiv:2512.14276 · Scientific Reports

In-Situ Engineering of the Anisotropic Rabi Model in Circuit QED

S. Mojtaba Tabatabaei, Babak Zare Rameshti, Mohsen Akbari

quant-phcond-mat.mes-hallSubmitted Dec 16, 2025• Announced Dec 17, 2025• 0 citations• Revised Jun 9, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Dec 16, 2025v2 · Jun 9, 2026v3 · Sep 28, 2026
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Abstract

The anisotropic Rabi model (ARM), which features tunable Jaynes-Cummings (JC) and anti-Jaynes-Cummings (AJC) interactions, has remained challenging to realize fully. We present a circuit QED architecture featuring a qubit, a resonator, and a flux-tunable coupler that provides complete dynamic control over the ARM Hamiltonian. By leveraging simultaneous capacitive and inductive couplings, we can in-situ tune the interaction from the pure JC to the pure AJC regime without requiring external parametric modulation. This dynamic control enables useful quantum measurement and coherence capabilities, including dispersive shift cancellation for protection against photon shot-noise dephasing, and Purcell-suppressed readout. Our work establishes a versatile platform for exploring the ARM's full parameter space and its broader applications in quantum information processing.

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9 pages, 5 figures

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The anisotropic Rabi model (ARM), which features tunable Jaynes-Cummings (JC) and anti-Jaynes-Cummings (AJC) interactions, has remained challenging to realize fully. We present a circuit QED architecture featuring a qubit, a resonator, and a flux-tunable coupler that provides complete dynamic control over the ARM Hamiltonian. By leveraging simultaneous capacitive and inductive couplings, we can in-situ tune the interaction from the pure JC to the pure AJC regime without requiring external parametric modulation. This dynamic control enables useful quantum measurement and coherence capabilities, including dispersive shift cancellation for protection against photon shot-noise dephasing, and Purcell-suppressed readout. Our work establishes a versatile platform for exploring the ARM's full parameter space and its broader applications in quantum information processing.
Abstract The quantum Rabi model captures fundamental aspects of light--matter interaction, where symmetry dictates both spectra and dynamics. Over the past years, experiments have explored many of its nonperturbative properties, but have mostly focused on the isotropic limit, where rotating and counterrotating processes are locked together, leaving the broader symmetry landscape largely unexplored. Here we realize a programmable anisotropic quantum Rabi model in a superconducting processor, with independent control of the rotating and counterrotating couplings (g1,g2)(g_1,g_2)(g1​,g2​) and of a transverse bias ε\varepsilonε. Continuous anisotropy tuning, combined with a duality mapping, gives access to the full parameter space from the Jaynes-Cummings to the anti-Jaynes-Cummings limits. In the deep-strong-coupling regime, we show that anisotropy reconstructs the spectrum and turns complete collapse-revival dynamics into incomplete revivals even near degeneracy. With adiabatic state preparation and joint tomography, we resolve an anisotropy-induced ground-state parity switch, a crossing that has no analogue in the isotropic model. We further observe selective tunnelling associated with hidden symmetry in biased Rabi models and track its anisotropic displacement within the same device. These results establish a controllable route to engineering nonperturbative light--matter Hamiltonians, where symmetry, spectrum, and dynamics can be programmed independently.
The quantum Rabi model captures fundamental aspects of light--matter interaction, where symmetry dictates both spectra and dynamics. Over the past years, experiments have explored many of its nonperturbative properties, but have mostly focused on the isotropic limit, where rotating and counterrotating processes are locked together, leaving the broader symmetry landscape largely unexplored. Here we realize a programmable anisotropic quantum Rabi model in a superconducting processor, with independent control of the rotating and counterrotating couplings (g1,g2)(g_1,g_2)(g1​,g2​) and of a transverse bias ε\varepsilonε. Continuous anisotropy tuning, combined with a duality mapping, gives access to the full parameter space from the Jaynes-Cummings to the anti-Jaynes-Cummings limits. In the deep-strong-coupling regime, we show that anisotropy reconstructs the spectrum and turns complete collapse-revival dynamics into incomplete revivals even near degeneracy. With adiabatic state preparation and joint tomography, we resolve an anisotropy-induced ground-state parity switch, a crossing that has no analogue in the isotropic model. We further observe selective tunnelling associated with hidden symmetry in biased Rabi models and track its anisotropic displacement within the same device. These results establish a controllable route to engineering nonperturbative light--matter Hamiltonians, where symmetry, spectrum, and dynamics can be programmed independently.
By manipulating the flux qubits with bichromatic time-dependent magnetic fluxes in standard circuit QED systems, we propose an experimentally-accessible method to approach the physics of the anisotropic quantum Rabi model (AQRM) in broad parameter ranges, where the rotating and counter-rotating interactions are governed by two different coupling constants. Assisted by theoretical derivations and numerical calculations, we show that our scheme not only allows for individual control of the parameters in the simulated AQRM but also reproduces the dynamics of the ultrastrong and deep strong coupling regimes. Therefore, our scheme advances the investigation of extremely strong interactions of the AQRM, which are usually experimentally unattainable. Furthermore, associated with the special case of the degenerate AQRM, we demonstrate that our setup may also find applications for protected quantum memory and quantum computation since it can be used to generate the Schr\{o}dinger cat states and the quantum controlled phase gates when scaling up.
In the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture, both the resonance frequency and the coupling of superconducting qubits to microwave field modes can be controlled via external electric and magnetic fields to explore qubit-photon dynamics in a wide parameter range. Here, we experimentally demonstrate and analyze a scheme for tuning the coupling between a transmon qubit and a microwave resonator using a single coherent drive tone. We treat the transmon as a three-level system, with the qubit subspace defined by the ground and the second excited states. If the drive frequency matches the difference between the resonator and the qubit frequencies, a Jaynes-Cummings-type interaction is induced, which is tunable in both amplitude and phase. We show that coupling strengths of about 10 MHz can be achieved in our setup, limited only by the anharmonicity of the transmon qubit. This scheme has been successfully used to generate microwave photons with a controlled temporal shape [M. Pechal et al., Phys. Rev. X 4, 041010 (2014)] and can be directly implemented with superconducting quantum devices featuring larger anharmonicity for higher coupling strengths.
Gate-based digital quantum simulations offer an exciting new paradigm for studying the many-body physics of strongly correlated systems. In this context, electron-phonon models are challenging for qubit-only quantum simulators, as bosonic degrees of freedom require costly finite-dimensional encodings. Here, we elaborate on an alternative approach based on a digital-analog circuit QED architecture, where fermions are encoded in transmon qubits while bosons are represented directly by microwave resonators. The central building block of this framework is a qubit-resonator Rabi gate that emulates strong electron-phonon coupling and can be implemented through a sequence of resonant Jaynes-Cummings gates interleaved with layers of single-qubit rotations. Using this Rabi gate as the fundamental unitary operation, we construct quantum circuits for the Hubbard-Holstein and Yukawa-Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev models, which describe, respectively, strongly correlated electrons coupled to phonons and phonon-mediated interactions among Majorana fermions. We further demonstrate how nonclassical phonon physics and signatures of quantum chaos in these models can be probed through circuit simulations, and develop measurement and variational protocols tailored to near-term superconducting quantum hardware.
Anisotropic quantum Rabi model is a generalization of quantum Rabi model, which allows its rotating and counter-rotating terms to have two different coupling constants. It provides us with a fundamental model to understand various physical features concerning quantum optics, solid-state physics, and mesoscopic physics. In this paper, we propose an experimental feasible scheme to implement anisotropic quantum Rabi model in a circuit quantum electrodynamics system via periodic frequency modulation. An effective Hamiltonian describing the tunable anisotropic quantum Rabi model can be derived from a qubit-resonator coupling system modulated by two periodic driving fields. All effective parameters of the simulated system can be adjusted by tuning the initial phases, the frequencies and the amplitudes of the driving fields. We show that the periodic driving is able to drive a coupled system in dispersive regime to ultrastrong coupling regime, and even deep-strong coupling regime. The derived effective Hamiltonian allows us to obtain pure rotating term and counter-rotating term. Numerical simulation shows that such effective Hamiltonian is valid in ultrastrong coupling regime, and stronger coupling regime. Moreover, our scheme can be generalized to the multi-qubit case. We also give some applications of the simulated system to the Schrödinger cat states and quantum gate generalization. The presented proposal will pave a way to further study the stronger anisotropic Rabi model whose coupling strength is far away from ultrastrong coupling and deep-strong coupling regimes in quantum optics.