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arXiv:2512.09008

Internal spaces of fermion and boson fields, described with the superposition of odd and even products of $γ^{a}$, enable understanding of all the second-quantised fields in an equivalent way

N. S. Mankoč Borštnik

hep-thquant-phSubmitted Dec 9, 2025• Announced Dec 10, 2025
v1 · Dec 9, 2025v2 · May 2, 2026
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Abstract

Using the odd and even ``basis vectors'', which are the superposition of odd and even products of $γ^a$'s, to describe the internal spaces of the second quantised fermion and boson fields, respectively, offers in even-dimensional spaces, like it is $d=(13+1)$, the unique description of all the properties of the observed fermion fields (quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons appearing in families) and boson fields (gravitons, photons, weak bosons, gluons and scalars) in a unique way, providing that all the fields have non zero momenta only in $d =(3+1)$ of the ordinary space-time, bosons have the space index $α$ (which is for tensors and vectors $μ=(0,1,2,3)$ and for scalars $σ\ge 5$). In any even-dimensional space, there is the same number of internal states of fermions appearing in families and their Hermitian conjugate partners as it is of the two orthogonal groups of boson fields having the Hermitian conjugate partners within the same group. A simple action for massless fermion and boson fields describes all the fields uniquely. The paper overviews the theory, presents new achievements and discusses the open problems of this theory.

Comments
26 pages, workshop, presenting a new steps in the suggested theory of elementary fermion and boson fields

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Internal spaces of fermion and boson fields, described with the superposition of odd and even products of γaγ^{a}γa, enable understanding of all the second-quantised fields in an equivalent way
Using the odd and even ``basis vectors'', which are the superposition of odd and even products of γaγ^aγa's, to describe the internal spaces of the second quantised fermion and boson fields, respectively, offers in even-dimensional spaces, like it is d=(13+1)d=(13+1)d=(13+1), the unique description of all the properties of the observed fermion fields (quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons appearing in families) and boson fields (gravitons, photons, weak bosons, gluons and scalars) in a unique way, providing that all the fields have non zero momenta only in d=(3+1)d =(3+1)d=(3+1) of the ordinary space-time, bosons have the space index ααα (which is for tensors and vectors μ=(0,1,2,3)μ=(0,1,2,3)μ=(0,1,2,3) and for scalars σ≥5σ\ge 5σ≥5). In any even-dimensional space, there is the same number of internal states of fermions appearing in families and their Hermitian conjugate partners as it is of the two orthogonal groups of boson fields having the Hermitian conjugate partners within the same group. A simple action for massless fermion and boson fields describes all the fields uniquely. The paper overviews the theory, presents new achievements and discusses the open problems of this theory.
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We investigate the quantum properties of heavy-fermion pairs, such as ttˉt\bar tttˉ or τ+τ−τ^+τ^-τ+τ−, produced in lepton-lepton collisions with polarised beams. Focusing on spin correlations, entanglement, Bell-inequality violation, and quantum-information-theoretic measures such as purity and magic, we analyse how beam polarisation shapes the structure of the spin-density matrix. We derive analytic expressions for a wide range of helicity configurations, including both Standard Model contributions and generic new-physics effects parametrised by scalar, vector, and tensor four-fermion operators within an effective field theory framework. We show that beam polarisation unlocks a substantially richer set of spin configurations and significantly enhances sensitivity to non-standard interactions. As a phenomenological application, we study ttˉt\bar tttˉ production at a future linear collider and demonstrate that quantum observables provide a comprehensive and complementary probe of top-quark interactions and stronger constraints on the scale of new physics.
A bstract We investigate the quantum properties of heavy-fermion pairs, such as tt‾ t\overline{t} tt t t ¯ or τ + τ − , produced in lepton-lepton collisions with polarised beams. Focusing on spin correlations, entanglement, Bell-inequality violation, and quantum-information-theoretic measures such as purity and magic, we analyse how beam polarisation shapes the structure of the spin-density matrix. We derive analytic expressions for a wide range of helicity configurations, including both Standard Model contributions and generic new physics effects parametrised by scalar, vector, and tensor four-fermion operators within an effective field theory framework. We show that beam polarisation unlocks a substantially richer set of spin configurations and significantly enhances sensitivity to non-standard interactions. As a phenomenological application, we study tt‾ t\overline{t} tt t t ¯ production at a future linear collider and demonstrate that quantum observables provide a comprehensive and complementary probe of top-quark interactions and stronger constraints on the scale of new physics.
A basis of products of one-particle vectors (symmetric or antisymmetric for bosons or fermions) is defined, and related to the occupation-number basis in an abstract Fock space, a generalization of the wave-mechanical configuration representation of the space of second quantization. Creation and destruction operators are simply defined in the product-vector basis and shown to have their usual properties in occupation-number representation. Algebraic properties of product vectors are developed and illustrated. The representation of operators in the product-vector basis is described, together with a brief discussion of the effects on these operators of transformations from one set of one-particle vectors to another. A simple treatment of density and reduced density operators for systems of bosons or fermions is given in the product-vector basis. The relationship between degeneracy in the Fock-space spectrum of an additive operator NA1 and degeneracy in the spectrum of one-particle operator A1 is obtained.