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arXiv:2512.07356 · Sensors International

Dispersive readout with two orthogonal modes of a dielectric cavity

A. M. Kozodaev, I. S. Cojocaru, S. M. Drofa, P. G. Vilyuzhanina, A. Chernyavskiy, V. G. Vins, A. N. Smolyaninov, S. Ya. Kilin, S. V. Bolshedvorskii, V. V. Soshenko, A. V. Akimov

quant-phphysics.ins-detSubmitted Dec 8, 2025• Announced Dec 9, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

Nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond have proven themselves as a good, sensitive element for the measurement of magnetic fields. While the mainstream of magnetometers based on NV centers uses so-called optically detected magnetic resonance, there has recently been a suggestion to use dispersive readout of a dielectric cavity to enhance the sensitivity of magnetometers. Here, we demonstrate that the dispersive readout approach can be significantly improved if a two-channel scheme is considered.

DOI
10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100388

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Nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond have proven themselves as a good, sensitive element for the measurement of magnetic fields. While the mainstream of magnetometers based on NV centers uses so-called optically detected magnetic resonance, there has recently been a suggestion to use dispersive readout of a dielectric cavity to enhance the sensitivity of magnetometers. Here, we demonstrate that the dispersive readout approach can be significantly improved if a two-channel scheme is considered.
Nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond have established themselves as good sensing element for various type of sensors. In particular magnetometers based on diamond impurities are quickly developing and are already on the market. Yet, optical readout in these systems complicates system design. Recently schemes of dispersive readout of nitrogen vacancy spin state using high finesse dielectric cavities for microwave field were proposed, which do not use the optical readout scheme. However, only shot noise based estimates were so far done for sensitivity of these devices. Here we provide detailed analysis of various practically relevant noise and loss sources for such a system. Furthermore, we consider the possibility of using the squeezing quantum state of the probing microwave field and show it allows to improve the device performance even at room temperature.
Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond hold promise for ultra-precise magnetometry, competing with superconducting quantum interference device detectors. By utilizing the advantages of dielectric materials, such as very low losses for electromagnetic field, with the potential for creating high Q -factor resonators with strong concentration of the field within it, we implemented a dielectric resonator antenna for coherent manipulation of a large ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. We reached average Rabi frequency of 10 MHz in a volume of 7 mm 3 with a standard deviation of less than 1% at a moderate pump power. The obtained result enables use of large volume low nitrogen-vacancy concentration diamond plates in modern nitrogen-vacancy magnetometers thus improving sensitivity via larger coherence time and higher optical detected magnetic resonance contrast.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are of great interest for nano- and macro-scale magnetic field sensing. Most sensing protocols rely on conventional optical readout, which is limited by photon shot noise. The recently developed photoelectrical (PE) readout of the NV center electron spin state promises to overcome these limitations. However, the noise of the PE readout and its influence on readout efficiency have not been thoroughly studied. In this work, we perform magnetic field sensing and estimate the sensitivity using optical and PE readout with a single and an ensemble of NV centers in diamond. We investigate the electronic noise associated with the photoelectric detection and estimate the readout efficiency, using Gaussian statistics. Our quantitative analysis shows that the Johnson-Nyquist noise-limited photoelectric magnetic field sensitivity could outperform optical measurements by an order of magnitude. This work is an essential step towards the development of on-chip magnetometers using photoelectrical detection in diamond.
In modern-day quantum metrology, quantum sensors are widely employed to detect weak magnetic fields or nanoscale signals. Quantum devices, exploiting quantum coherence, are inevitably connected to physical constants and can achieve accuracy, repeatability, and precision approaching fundamental limits. As a result, these sensors have shown utility in a wide range of research domains spanning both science and technology. A rapidly emerging quantum sensing platform employs atomic-scale defects in crystals. In particular, magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond has garnered increasing interest. NV systems possess a combination of remarkable properties, optical addressability, long coherence times, and biocompatibility. Sensors based on NV centers excel in spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity. These diamond-based sensors promise comparable combination of high spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity without cryogenic operation. The above properties of NV magnetometers promise increasingly integrated quantum measurement technology, as a result, they have been extensively developed with various protocols and find use in numerous applications spanning materials characterization, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), condensed matter physics, paleomagnetism, neuroscience and living systems biology, and industrial vector magnetometry. In this chapter, NV centers are explored for magnetic sensing in a number of contexts. In general, we introduce novel regimes for magnetic-field probes with NV ensembles. Specifically, NV centers are developed for sensitive magnetometers for applications where microwaves (MWs) are prohibitively invasive and operations need to be carried out under zero ambient magnetic field. The primary goal of our discussion is to improve the utility of these NV center-based magnetometers.
An ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is an attractive device to detect small magnetic fields. In particular, by exploiting the fact that the NV center can be aligned along one of four different axes due to ${C}_{3\ensuremath{\nu}}$ symmetry, it is possible to extract information concerning vector magnetic fields. However, in the conventional scheme, low readout contrasts of the NV centers significantly decrease the sensitivity of the vector-magnetic-field sensing. Here, we propose a way to improve the sensitivity of the vector-magnetic-field sensing of the NV centers using multifrequency control. Since the Zeeman energy of the NV centers depends on the direction of the axis, we can independently control the four types of NV centers using microwave pulses with different frequencies. This allows us to use every NV center for the vector field detection in parallel, which effectively increases the readout contrast. Our results pave the way to realize a practical diamond-based vector field sensor.
Nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers are diamond lattice defects that may be manipulated and controlled by visible light and microwave irradiation. They are considered a promising solid-state platform for a broad range of quantum technologies, such as magnetic field sensing. A major limitation in realizing such applications is the weak optical signal attained from the NVs, making the readout inefficient and prone to noise. Here, we report the increased brightness and shortened lifetime of N-V centers coupled to hyperbolic metamaterial photonic cavities with optimized dispersion characteristics. As a result, we demonstrate the enhancement of magnetic field sensitivity and measurement SNR. These results introduce a broadly applicable, robust, and technically accessible platform, promising improved performance relevant for a multitude of solid-state defects and their applications.