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arXiv:1706.04753 · Physical Review A

Vector-magnetic-field sensing via multifrequency control of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Sayaka Kitazawa, Yuichiro Matsuzaki, Soya Saijo, Kosuke Kakuyanagi, Shiro Saito, Junko Ishi‐Hayase

Published Oct 26, 2017• 37 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

An ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is an attractive device to detect small magnetic fields. In particular, by exploiting the fact that the NV center can be aligned along one of four different axes due to ${C}_{3\ensuremath{\nu}}$ symmetry, it is possible to extract information concerning vector magnetic fields. However, in the conventional scheme, low readout contrasts of the NV centers significantly decrease the sensitivity of the vector-magnetic-field sensing. Here, we propose a way to improve the sensitivity of the vector-magnetic-field sensing of the NV centers using multifrequency control. Since the Zeeman energy of the NV centers depends on the direction of the axis, we can independently control the four types of NV centers using microwave pulses with different frequencies. This allows us to use every NV center for the vector field detection in parallel, which effectively increases the readout contrast. Our results pave the way to realize a practical diamond-based vector field sensor.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.96.042115

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An ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is an attractive device to detect small magnetic fields. In particular, by exploiting the fact that the NV center can be aligned along one of four different axes due to C3\ensuremathν{C}_{3\ensuremath{\nu}}C3\ensuremathν​ symmetry, it is possible to extract information concerning vector magnetic fields. However, in the conventional scheme, low readout contrasts of the NV centers significantly decrease the sensitivity of the vector-magnetic-field sensing. Here, we propose a way to improve the sensitivity of the vector-magnetic-field sensing of the NV centers using multifrequency control. Since the Zeeman energy of the NV centers depends on the direction of the axis, we can independently control the four types of NV centers using microwave pulses with different frequencies. This allows us to use every NV center for the vector field detection in parallel, which effectively increases the readout contrast. Our results pave the way to realize a practical diamond-based vector field sensor.
An ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is a fascinating candidate for realizing a sensitive magnetic field sensor. In particular, since the axes of the NV centers are distributed along four directions, a collection of measurement data from NV centers with different axes provides information on the vector components of a magnetic field. However, in the conventional approach, the low measurement contrast of NV centers limits the sensitivity of vector magnetic field sensing. Recently, to overcome this problem, multi-frequency control of the NV centers has been proposed. The key idea is that four types of NV centers with different axes are simultaneously controlled by multi-frequency microwave pulses. Here, we demonstrate vector magnetic field sensing with an ensemble of NV centers in diamond via such multi-frequency control with pulsed-type measurements. We use Hahn echo pulses and extract information on the vector components of an applied AC magnetic field. We find that the sensitivity of the vector field sensing with multi-frequency control is better than that with single-frequency control for every vector component of a magnetic field.
The measurement of vector magnetic fields with high sensitivity and spatial resolution is important for both fundamental science and engineering applications. In particular, magnetic-field sensing with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is a promising approach that can outperform existing methods. Recent studies have demonstrated vector dc magnetic-field sensing with perfectly aligned NV centers, which showed a higher readout contrast than NV centers having four equally distributed orientations. However, to estimate the azimuthal angle of the target magnetic field with respect to the NV axis in these previous approaches, it is necessary to apply a strong reference dc magnetic field, which can perturb the system to be measured. This is a crucial problem, especially when attempting to measure vector magnetic fields from materials that are sensitive to applied dc magnetic fields. Here, we propose a method to measure vector dc magnetic fields using perfectly aligned NV centers without reference dc magnetic fields. This method can be performed even with a single NV center. More specifically, we use the direction of linearly polarized microwave fields to induce Rabi oscillation as a reference and we estimate the azimuthal angle of the target fields from the Rabi frequency. We further demonstrate the potential of our method to improve sensitivity by using entangled states to overcome the standard quantum limit. Our method of using a reference microwave field is an alternative technique for sensitive vector dc magnetic-field sensing.
We present a novel method for full vector magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. In contrast to conventional optically detected magnetic resonance techniques, our method employs two distinct broadband microwave pulses and measures them after transmission through the NV sensor medium, thus capturing the line splitting of the ground state triplet due to the Zeeman effect. Two orthogonally polarized microwave pulses allow resolving all magnetic field components independently by reading out differently oriented NV centers. Simulated data is analyzed using deep neural networks, whose efficacy we expect to translate very well to experiments. Our method yields sensitivities between 5 pT/Hz5~\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}5 pT/Hz​ and 100 pT/Hz100~\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}100 pT/Hz​ across different magnetic field vector components, while achieving approximately nT\mathrm{nT}nT accuracy at a signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio of 70 dB70~\mathrm{dB}70 dB. By being capable of accurately measuring magnetic fields down to 25 μT25~\mathrm{μT}25 μT, the need for a bias field beyond Earth's magnetic field is eliminated.
Determination and control of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers play an important role in sensing the vector field by using their quantum information. To measure orientation of NV centers in a diamond particle attached to a tapered fiber rapidly, we propose a new method to establish the direction cosine matrix between the lab frame and the NV body frame. In this method, only four groups of the ODMR spectrum peaks shift data need to be collected, and the magnetic field along ± Z and ± Y in the lab frame is applied in the meantime. We can also control any NV axis to rotate to the X, Y, Z axes in the lab frame according to the elements of this matrix. The demonstration of the DC and microwave magnetic field vector sensing is presented. Finally, the proposed method can help us to perform vector magnetic field sensing more conveniently and rapidly.
On-chip magnetic field sensing with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond requires scalable integration of 3D waveguides into diamond substrates. Here, we develop a sensing array device with an ensemble of shallow implanted NV centers integrated with arrays of laser-written waveguides for excitation and readout of NV signals. Our approach enables an easy-to-operate on-chip magnetometer with a pixel size proportional to the Gaussian mode area of each waveguide. The performed continuous wave optically detected magnetic resonance on each waveguide gives an average dc-sensitivity value of (195±3) nT/Hz, which can be improved with lock-in-detection or pulsed-microwave sequences. We apply a magnetic field to separate the four NV crystallographic orientations of the magnetic resonance and then utilize a DC current through a straight wire antenna close to the waveguide to prove the sensor capabilities of our device. We reconstruct the complete vector magnetic field in the NV crystal frame using three different NV crystallographic orientations. By knowing the polarization axis of the waveguide mode, we project the magnetic field vector into the lab frame.
We demonstrate a robust, scale-factor-free vector magnetometer, which uses a closed-loop frequency-locking scheme to simultaneously track Zeeman-split resonance pairs of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. This technique offers a three-orders-of-magnitude increase in dynamic range compared to open-loop methodologies; is robust against fluctuations in temperature, resonance linewidth, and contrast; and allows for simultaneous interrogation of multiple transition frequencies. By directly detecting the resonance frequencies of NV centers oriented along each of the diamond's four tetrahedral crystallographic axes, we perform full vector reconstruction of an applied magnetic field.