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arXiv:2512.05244 · Physical Review Letters

Boosting Work Extraction in Quantum Batteries via Continuous Environment Monitoring

Gabriele Cenedese, Giuliano Benenti, Dario Ferraro, Marco G. Genoni

quant-phSubmitted Dec 4, 2025• Announced Dec 8, 2025• 0 citations• Revised Jul 30, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Dec 4, 2025v2 · Jul 30, 2026
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Abstract

During the charging process, interactions between a quantum battery and its charger generally generate quantum correlations, which may reduce the amount of work extractable from the battery alone. We show that, by coupling the system with an environment that can be continuously monitored, one can weaken these correlations and enhance work extraction beyond what is achievable in the ideal (closed system) limit. This general mechanism is illustrated using both a cavity--mediated spin--spin and a Dicke quantum battery model.

Journal reference
Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 050406 (2026)
DOI
10.1103/f591-hx6x
Comments
10 pages, 9 figures. Comments are welcome!

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During the charging process, interactions between a quantum battery and its charger generally generate quantum correlations, which may reduce the amount of work extractable from the battery alone. We show that, by coupling the system with an environment that can be continuously monitored, one can weaken these correlations and enhance work extraction beyond what is achievable in the ideal (closed system) limit. This general mechanism is illustrated using both a cavity--mediated spin--spin and a Dicke quantum battery model.
Quantum battery has become one of the hot issues at the research frontiers of quantum physics recently. Charging power, extractable work and wireless charging over long-distance are three important aspects of interest. Non-contact electromagnetic interaction provides an important avenue for wireless charging. In this paper, we design a wireless and remote charging scheme based on the quantized Hamiltonian of two coupled LC circuits, and focus on the charging dynamics of a continuous variable quantum battery. It is found that the quantum entanglement, which is regarded as a significant quantum resource, is not a prerequisite for charging the battery and extracting useful work. On the contrary, all of the energy in the battery could be converted into useful work in the absence of the entanglement for our model. The often overlooked counter-rotating wave coupling in the interacting Hamiltonian is helpful for extracting more useful work from the charger. If the coupling between the battery and the charger is designed to contain both the rotating and counter-rotating wave couplings, the extractable work can be obtained even if the charger is prepared in thermal states, while such effect cannot be achieved in the presence of a rotating or counter-rotating wave coupling alone. Finally, the effect of the system's parameters on the extractable work is discussed, which will provide a reference for full use of the thermal state energy.
In quantum mechanics, quantum batteries are devices that can store energy by utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics. While quantum batteries has been investigated largely theoretical, recent research indicates that it may be possible to implement such a device using existing technologies. The environment plays an important role in the charging of quantum batteries. If a strong coupling exists between the environment and the battery, then battery can be charged properly. It has also been demonstrated that quantum battery can be charged even in weak coupling regime just by choosing a suitable initial state for battery and charger. In this study, we investigate the charging process of open quantum batteries mediated by a common dissipative environment. We will consider a wireless-like charging scenario, where there is no external power and direct interaction between charger and battery. Moreover, we consider the case in which the battery and charger move inside the environment with a particular speed. Our results demonstrate that the movement of the quantum battery inside the environment has a negative effect on the performance of the quantum batteries during the charging process. It is also shown that the non-Markovian environment has a positive effect on improving battery performance.
Starting from the observation that the reduced state of a system strongly coupled to a bath is, in general, an athermal state, we introduce and study a cyclic battery-charger quantum device that is in thermal equilibrium, or in a ground state, during the charge storing stage. The cycle has four stages: the equilibrium storage stage is interrupted by disconnecting the battery from the charger, then work is extracted from the battery, and then the battery is reconnected with the charger; finally, the system is brought back to equilibrium. At no point during the cycle are the battery-charger correlations artificially erased. We study the case where the battery and charger together comprise a spin-1/2 Ising chain, and show that the main characteristics-the extracted energy and the thermodynamic efficiency-can be enhanced by operating the cycle close to the quantum phase transition point. When the battery is just a single spin, we find that the output work and efficiency show a scaling behavior at criticality and derive the corresponding critical exponents. Due to always present correlations between the battery and the charger, operations that are equivalent from the perspective of the battery can entail different energetic costs for switching the battery-charger coupling. This happens only when the coupling term does not commute with the battery's bare Hamiltonian, and we use this purely quantum leverage to further optimize the performance of the device.
We study the charging process of open quantum batteries mediated by a common dissipative environment in two different scenarios. In the first case, we consider a quantum charger-battery model in the presence of a non-Markovian environment, where the battery can be properly charged in a strong coupling regime, without any external power and any direct interaction with the charger, i.e., a wireless-like charging happens. The environment plays a major role in the charging of the battery, while this does not happen in a weak coupling regime. In the second scenario, we show the effect of individual and collective spontaneous emission rates on the charging process of quantum batteries by considering a two-qubit system in the presence of Markovian dynamics. Our results demonstrate that open batteries can be satisfactorily charged in Markovian dynamics by employing an underdamped regime and/or strong external fields. We also present a robust battery by taking into account subradiant states and an intermediate regime. Moreover, we propose an experimental setup to explore the ergotropy in the first scenario.
We investigate a quantum battery made of N two-level systems, which is charged by an optical mode via an energy-conserving interaction. We quantify the fraction of energy stored in the battery that can be extracted in order to perform thermodynamic work. We first demonstrate that this quantity is highly reduced by the presence of correlations between the charger and the battery or between the subsystems composing the battery. We then show that the correlation-induced suppression of extractable energy, however, can be mitigated by preparing the charger in a coherent optical state. We conclude by proving that the charger-battery system is asymptotically free of such locking correlations in the N→∞ limit.