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arXiv:2509.00856 · Russian Journal of Mathematical Physics

On Dissipation Operators of Quantum Optics

Alexander Komech, E.A. Kopylova

Published Mar 1, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

We consider dissipation operators used in Quantum Optics for the description of quantum spontaneous emission in the context of damped driven Jaynes–Cummings equations. The equations describe quantized one-mode Maxwell field coupled to a two-level molecule. The nonpositivity of two basic dissipation operators is proved in the framework of the theory of the Hilbert space of the Hilbert–Schmidt operators. We show that one of the operators is symmetric, while the other is not.

DOI
10.1134/s1061920826600121

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We consider dissipation operators used in Quantum Optics for the description of quantum spontaneous emission in the context of damped driven Jaynes–Cummings equations. The equations describe quantized one-mode Maxwell field coupled to a two-level molecule. The nonpositivity of two basic dissipation operators is proved in the framework of the theory of the Hilbert space of the Hilbert–Schmidt operators. We show that one of the operators is symmetric, while the other is not.
The article addresses the damped driven Jaynes-Cummings for quantised one-mode Maxwell field coupled to a two-level molecule. We consider a broad class of damping and pumping which are polynomial in the creation and annihilation operators. Our main result is the construction of a contraction dynamical semigroup in the Hilbert space of Hermitian Hilbert-Schmidt operators in the case of a nonpositive dissipation operator and time-independent pumping. All trajectories of the semigroup are generalised solutions to the Jaynes-Cummings equations. As a key example, we prove nonpositivity for the basic dissipation operator of Quantum Optics.
The article concerns damped driven Jaynes-Cummings equation which describes quantised one-mode Maxwell field coupled to a two-level molecule. We consider a broad class of damping and pumping which are polynomial in the creation and annihilation operators, and their structures correspond to the theory of completely positive and trace preserving generators (CPTP) of Lindblad and Kossakowski & al. Our main result is the construction of global generalised solutions with values in the Hilbert space of nonnegative Hermitian Hilbert-Schmidt operators in the case of time-dependent pumping. The proofs rely on finite-dimensional approximations of the annihilation and creation operators.
Conceptual problems in quantum optics are investigated by a study of the physical significance of various types of description of the field of a single mode. The descriptions are examined through the effect of the field on matter. Both undamped and damped modes are considered, the descriptions being those of various degrees of precision in classical and quantum-mechanical formalisms. The matter consists of a large number of "molecules," and the interaction is studied by means of low-order perturbation theory. Formal expressions are obtained for the energy interchange between field and molecules in terms of the zeroth-order (uncoupled) operators, with the effect of the commutation properties of the field variables explicitly separated from that of the excitation of the field, in second order. The significance of taking expectation values of the operator results is discussed, and it is concluded that this procedure is justified only when the experiment under consideration involves an averaging process; thus, the molecular variables should be averaged, but not necessarily those of the field. Conditions under which the averaging process is justified are considered, and it is reasoned that, when such a process is not justified, a statistical description of the field can result only in a statistical description of the interaction process. Results of various field descriptions are compared, and it is shown that for induced emission and for spontaneous emission from coherently oscillating molecules, classical and quantum-mechanical fields are equivalent. However, for a self-consistent theory of spontaneous emission from molecules that are not oscillating coherently, the quantum-mechanical commutation properties of the field are essential if the molecules are treated quantum-mecahnically, and the field must be treated classically if the molecules are treated classically; the type of description used for the excitation of the field is inconsequential. Photoelectric emission is examined, and, within the approximation framework used, shown to be accurately described by a classical treatment of the field. It is pointed out that there does not necessarily exist a connection between "photon statistics," that is, the statistics associated with an ensemble of fields, and photocurrent fluctuations in one or more detectors coupled to the same field.
Abstract In this chapter we study with the tools developed in Chapter 3 the basic models that are the foundations of light–matter interaction. We start with Rabi dynamics, then consider the optical Bloch equations that add phenomenologically the lifetime of the populations. As decay and pumping are often important, we cover the Lindblad form, a correct, simple and powerful way to describe various dissipation mechanisms. Then we go to a full quantum picture, quantizing also the optical field. We first investigate the simpler coupling of bosons and then culminate with the Jaynes–Cummings model and its solution to the quantum interaction of a two-level system with a cavity mode. Finally, we investigate a broader family of models where the material excitation operators differ from the ideal limits of a Bose and a Fermi field.
We present two simple soluble quantum optical models in which an atomic system is coupled to a bath containing an infinite number of reservoir states. The total system is treated conservatively, but the atomic subsystem of interest exhibits decay. The first system consists of a single two-level atom coupled to an infinite number of modes of a one-dimensional cavity which are equally spaced in frequency. The coupling results in spontaneous emission by an excited atom into the modes of the cavity. The model also exhibits the subsequent re-excitation of the atom after the spontaneously emitted radiation is reflected from the ends of the cavity. The second is a single two-level atom coupled to a single mode of a damped optical cavity where the damping is provided by coupling to quantized oscillators in the walls of the cavity. The damped cavity alters the spontaneous emission rate from its free space value. The simplicity of both models makes them attractive as a method for introducing quantum mechanical damping phenomena.
A single atom coupled to a quantized mode of an electromagnetic cavity, driven by an external coherent field, is described by the Hamiltonian H djc = ig(a†σ− − aσ+) + iε(a† − a), where (a†, a) and (σ+, σ) are the raising and lowering operators for the cavity mode and atom, respectively. This is the single atom version of the Hamiltonian used in the study of optical bistability. It describes the evolution of the atom-cavity system on time scales much smaller than the inverse spontaneous emission and cavity decay rates. For 2ε/g < 1, HDJC possesses a discrete set of interaction eigenstates1 with eigenvalues E n ± = ± g n [ 1 − ( 2 ε / g ) 2 ] 3 / 4 . These form a renormalized version of the usual Jaynes-Cummings eigenstates2, which correctly take into account the effect of the driving field to all orders of magnitude. We investigate the collapse and revival nature of the dynamical evolution of the single atom in a cavity, with and without dissipation and above and below the threshold 2ε/g = 1 of the driven Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian.