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arXiv:2503.10101

Sagnac interferometer-based noise-free superresolution using phase-controlled quantum erasers

Byoung Seung HAM

Published Mar 13, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Interferometer-based precision measurements have been intensively studied for sensing and metrology over the past half century. In classical optics, the resolution and phase sensitivity of an optical signal are confined by diffraction limit and shot-noise limit (SNL), respectively. Highly entangled photon pairs, i.e., N00N states have been adapted to overcome SNL in quantum sensing over the last two decades. Recently, coherent light-excited quantum sensing has also been proposed and demonstrated for macroscopic quantum sensing to overcome the limited N scalability in N00N-based quantum sensing. Here, a Sagnac interferometer-based superresolution is proposed to solve environmental noises inevitable in an interferometer. Furthermore, a spatial light modulator takes over the role of phase-controlled quantum erasers to solve the linear optics-based complexity issue in the coherently-excited superresolution. Thus, the proposed Sagnac superresolution can beat the state-of-the-art ring laser gyroscope applied for inertial navigation and geodesy.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2503.10101

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Interferometer-based precision measurements have been intensively studied for sensing and metrology over the past half century. In classical optics, the resolution and phase sensitivity of an optical signal are confined by diffraction limit and shot-noise limit (SNL), respectively. Highly entangled photon pairs, i.e., N00N states have been adapted to overcome SNL in quantum sensing over the last two decades. Recently, coherent light-excited quantum sensing has also been proposed and demonstrated for macroscopic quantum sensing to overcome the limited N scalability in N00N-based quantum sensing. Here, a Sagnac interferometer-based superresolution is proposed to solve environmental noises inevitable in an interferometer. Furthermore, a spatial light modulator takes over the role of phase-controlled quantum erasers to solve the linear optics-based complexity issue in the coherently-excited superresolution. Thus, the proposed Sagnac superresolution can beat the state-of-the-art ring laser gyroscope applied for inertial navigation and geodesy.
Superresolution is a unique quantum feature generated by N00N states or phase-controlled coherent photons via projection measurements in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). Superresolution has no direct relation with supersensitivity in quantum sensing and has a potential application for the precision measurement of an unknown signal frequency. Recently, phase-controlled quantum erasers have been demonstrated for superresolution using classical light of a continuous-wave laser to overcome the diffraction limit in classical physics and to solve the limited scalability in N00N state-based quantum sensing. Here, a quantum spectrometer is presented for the macroscopic superresolution using phase-controlled spatial light modulators (SLMs) in MZI. For validity, a general solution of the superresolution is derived from the SLM-based projection measurements and an unprecedented resolution is numerically confirmed for an unknown frequency of light.
Recently, the delayed-choice quantum eraser has been applied for coherently excited superresolution using phase-controlled projection measurements of laser light to overcome the diffraction limit in classical physics as well as to solve the limited order N of the N00N state in quantum physics. Here, a general scheme of the phase-controlled quantum eraser-based superresolution is proposed for quantum sensing satisfying the Heisenberg limit, and its general solution is derived for an arbitrary Nth-order intensity correlation. Furthermore, phase quantization of the proposed superresolution is discussed to better understand the wave nature of quantum mechanics. Unlike other methods of superresolution in quantum sensing, the proposed method is for the intensity products between phase-controlled quantum erasers and thus is compatible with most conventional sensing metrologies.
Recently, the delayed-choice quantum eraser has been applied for coherently excited superresolution using phase-controlled projection measurements of laser light to overcome the diffraction limit in classical physics as well as to solve the limited photon number of the N00N state in quantum physics. Unlike other methods of phase-controlled superresolution in a noninterferometric system, the proposed method is for the intensity products between phase-controlled quantum erasers, resulting in superresolution compatible with the most conventional sensing metrologies. Here, a general scheme of the phase-controlled quantum eraser-based superresolution is proposed and its general solution is derived for an arbitrary Nth-order intensity correlation, where the superresolution shows the photonic de Broglie wave-like quantum feature. Furthermore, phase quantization of the superresolution is discussed to better understand quantum mechanics.
Abstract Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) based on the Sagnac effect are a valuable tool in sensing and navigation and enable accurate measurements in applications ranging from spacecraft and aircraft to self-driving vehicles such as autonomous cars. As with any classical optical sensors, the ultimate performance of these devices is bounded by the shot-noise limit (SNL). Quantum-enhanced interferometry allows us to overcome this limit using non-classical states of light. Here, we report on an entangled-photon gyroscope that uses path-entangled NOON-states (N = 2) to provide super-resolution and phase sensitivity beyond the shot-noise limit.
Abstract Recently, the delayed-choice quantum eraser has been applied for coherently excited superresolution using phase-controlled projection measurements of laser light to overcome the diffraction limit in classical physics as well as to solve the limited photon number of the N00N state in quantum physics. Unlike other methods of phase-controlled superresolution in a noninterferometric system, the proposed method is for the intensity products between phase-controlled quantum erasers, resulting in superresolution compatible with the most conventional sensing metrologies. Here, a general scheme of the phase-controlled quantum eraser-based superresolution is proposed and its general solution is derived for an arbitrary Nth-order intensity correlation, where the superresolution shows the photonic de Broglie wave-like quantum feature. Furthermore, phase quantization of the superresolution is discussed to better understand quantum mechanics.
Precision measurement has been an important research area in sensing and metrology. In classical physics, the Fisher information determines the maximum extractable information from statistically unknown signals, based on a joint probability density function of independently and identically distributed random variables. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) indicates the minimum error of the Fisher information, generally known as the shot-noise limit. On the other hand, coherence has pushed the resolution limit further overcoming the diffraction limit using many-wave interference strictly confined to the first-order intensity correlation. However, practical implementation is limited by the lithographic constraints in, e.g., optical gratings. Recently, a coherence technique of superresolution has been introduced to overcome the diffraction limit in phase sensitivity using higher-order intensity correlations of a phase-controlled output field from an interferometer. Here, the superresolution is adopted for precision metrology in an optical spectrometer, whose enhanced frequency resolution is linearly proportional to the intensity-product order, overcoming CRLB. Unlike quantum sensing using entangled photons, this technique is purely classical and offers robust performance against environmental noises, benefiting from the interferometer's scanning mode for fringe counting.