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arXiv:2409.19167 · Physical Review Letters

Experimental Measurement of the Reappearance of Rabi Rotations in Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Lukas Hanschke, Thomas K. Bracht, Eva Schöll, David Bauch, Eva Berger, Patricia Kallert, Melina Peter, Ailton J. Garcia, Saimon F. Covre da Silva, Santanu Manna, Armando Rastelli, Stefan Schumacher, Doris E. Reiter, Klaus D. Jöns

Published Nov 3, 2025• 2 citations

Abstract

Phonons in solid-state quantum emitters play a crucial role in their performance as photon sources in quantum technology. For resonant driving, phonons dampen the Rabi oscillations, resulting in reduced state-preparation fidelities. The phonon spectral density, which quantifies the strength of the carrier-phonon interaction, is nonmonotonic as a function of energy. As one of the most prominent consequences, this should lead to the reappearance of Rabi rotations for increasing pulse power, according to the theoretical predictions in Vagov et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 227403 (2007)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.98.227403]. In this Letter, we present the experimental demonstration of the reappearance of Rabi rotations for a resonantly driven quantum dot.

DOI: 10.1103/s212-43gs

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Phonons in solid-state quantum emitters play a crucial role in their performance as photon sources in quantum technology. For resonant driving, phonons dampen the Rabi oscillations, resulting in reduced state-preparation fidelities. The phonon spectral density, which quantifies the strength of the carrier-phonon interaction, is nonmonotonic as a function of energy. As one of the most prominent consequences, this should lead to the reappearance of Rabi rotations for increasing pulse power, according to the theoretical predictions in Vagov et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 227403 (2007)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.98.227403]. In this Letter, we present the experimental demonstration of the reappearance of Rabi rotations for a resonantly driven quantum dot.

The dynamics of strongly confined laser driven semiconductor quantum dots coupled to phonons is studied theoretically by calculating the time evolution of the reduced density matrix using a numerical path integral method. We explore the cases of long pulses, strong dot-phonon and dot-laser coupling, and high temperatures, which, up to now, have been inaccessible. We find that the phonon-induced damping of Rabi rotations is a nonmonotonic function of the laser field that is increasing at low fields and decreasing at high fields. This results in a reappearance of Rabi rotations at high fields. This phenomenon is of a general nature which occurs for all temperatures and carrier-phonon coupling strengths.

We show that the interaction between carriers confined in a quantum dot and the surrounding lattice under external driving of carrier dynamics has a dynamical, resonant character. The quality of Rabi oscillations in such a system depends on the relation between nonlinear spectral characteristics of the driven dynamics and the spectral density of effectively coupled lattice modes (phonon frequencies and density of states). For a large number of Rabi oscillations within a fixed time (allowed by, e.g., exciton recombination) the spectrum of the dynamics extends towards high frequencies, coming into resonance with acoustic and optical phonons. Thus, this resonant lattice response strongly restricts the possibility of fully coherent control over the charge state in a quantum dot.

We study the dynamics of strongly confined semiconductor quantum dots coupled to acoustic phonons and driven by external laser pulses by a numerical path integral method. The field-dependent damping, caused by the non-Markovian processes of pure dephasing and manifesting itself in the peculiar decay and reappearance phenomenon of Rabi rotations is found to depend notably on the dot size and the shape of the applied laser pulses. In the limit of strong fields rectangular pulses yield a significant weaker damping than Gaussian or other bell-shaped profiles. As a consequence, the undamping of Rabi rotations at high pulse areas is most clearly visible for rectangular pulses.

Electron-phonon interaction is a major source of optical dephasing in semiconductor quantum dots. Within a density matrix theory the electron-phonon interaction is considered up to the second order of a correlation expansion, allowing the calculation of the quantum kinetic dephasing dynamics of optically induced nonlinearities in GaAs quantum dots for arbitrary pulse strengths and shapes. We find Rabi oscillations renormalized and a damping that depends on the input pulse strength, a behavior not known from exponential dephasing mechanisms.

We study the crucial role played by the solid-state environment in determining the photon emission characteristics of a driven quantum dot. For resonant driving, we predict a phonon enhancement of the coherently emitted radiation field with increasing driving strength, in stark contrast to the conventional expectation of a rapidly decreasing fraction of coherent emission with stronger driving. This surprising behavior results from thermalization of the dot with respect to the phonon bath and leads to a nonstandard regime of resonance fluorescence in which significant coherent scattering and the Mollow triplet coexist. Off resonance, we show that despite the phonon influence, narrowing of dot spectral sideband widths can occur in certain regimes, consistent with an experimental trend.

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