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arXiv:2404.13545

Two remote counting events induced by a single photon

Lida Zhang

Published Apr 21, 2024• 0 citations
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Abstract

Motivated by Einstein's thought experiment that a single quantum particle diffracted after a pinhole could in principle produce an action in two or several places on a hemispherical imaging screen, here we explore theoretically the possibility to simultaneously detect the action of a single photon at two remote places. This is considered in a cascade quantum system composed of two spatially distant cavities each coupled to a qubit in the ultrastrong coupling regime. We show that a single-photon pulse incident on the two cavities can simultaneously excite the two remote qubits and lead to two subsequent single-photon detection events even when the separation between them is comparable to the spatial length of the photon pulse. Our results not only uncover new facets of photons at a fundamental level but also have practical applications, such as the generation of remote entanglement by a single photon through a dissipative channel which is otherwise unattainable in the strong-coupling regime.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2404.13545

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Motivated by Einstein's thought experiment that a single quantum particle diffracted after a pinhole could in principle produce an action in two or several places on a hemispherical imaging screen, here we explore theoretically the possibility to simultaneously detect the action of a single photon at two remote places. This is considered in a cascade quantum system composed of two spatially distant cavities each coupled to a qubit in the ultrastrong coupling regime. We show that a single-photon pulse incident on the two cavities can simultaneously excite the two remote qubits and lead to two subsequent single-photon detection events even when the separation between them is comparable to the spatial length of the photon pulse. Our results not only uncover new facets of photons at a fundamental level but also have practical applications, such as the generation of remote entanglement by a single photon through a dissipative channel which is otherwise unattainable in the strong-coupling regime.
We investigate theoretically the model of two "qubits" system (one qubit having an auxiliary level) interacting with a single-mode resonator in the ultrastrong coupling regime. We show that a single photon could simultaneously excite two qubits without breaking the parity symmetry of system by properly encoding the excited states of qubits. The optimal parameter regime for achieving high probability approaching one is identified in the case of ignoring the system dissipation. Moreover, using experimentally feasible parameters, we also analyze the dissipation dynamics of the system, and present the realization of two-qubit excitation induced by single-photon. This work offers an alternative approach to realize the single-photon-induced two qubits excitation, which should advance the development of single-photon quantum technologies and have potential applications in quantum information science.
Abstract The generation of entanglement between remote matter qubits has developed into a key capability for fundamental investigations as well as for emerging quantum technologies. In the single-photon, protocol entanglement is heralded by generation of qubit-photon entangled states and subsequent detection of a single photon behind a beam splitter. In this work we perform a detailed theoretical and experimental investigation of this protocol and its various sources of infidelity. We develop an extensive theoretical model and subsequently tailor it to our experimental setting, based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Experimentally, we verify the model by generating remote states for varying phase and amplitudes of the initial qubit superposition states and varying optical phase difference of the photons arriving at the beam splitter. We show that a static frequency offset between the optical transitions of the qubits leads to an entangled state phase that depends on the photon detection time. We find that the implementation of a Charge-Resonance check on the nitrogen-vacancy center yields transform-limited linewidths. Moreover, we measure the probability of double optical excitation, a significant source of infidelity, as a function of the power of the excitation pulse. Finally, we find that imperfect optical excitation can lead to a detection-arm-dependent entangled state fidelity and rate. The conclusion presented here are not specific to the nitrogen-vacancy centers used to carry out the experiments, and are therefore readily applicable to other qubit platforms.
The coherent process that a single photon simultaneously excites two qubits has recently been theoretically predicted by Garziano et al. [L. Garziano, V. Macr\`{\i}, R. Stassi, O. Di Stefano, F. Nori, and S. Savasta, One Photon Can Simultaneously Excite two or More Atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 043601 (2016)]. We propose a different approach to observe a similar dynamical process based on a superconducting quantum circuit, where two coupled flux qubits longitudinally interact with the same resonator. We show that this simultaneous excitation of two qubits (assuming that the sum of their transition frequencies is close to the cavity frequency) is related to the counter-rotating terms in the dipole-dipole coupling between two qubits, and the standard rotating-wave approximation is not valid here. By numerically simulating the adiabatic Landau-Zener transition and Rabi-oscillation effects, we clearly verify that the energy of a single photon can excite two qubits via higher-order transitions induced by the longitudinal couplings and the counter-rotating terms. Compared with previous studies, the coherent dynamics in our system only involves one intermediate state and, thus, exhibits a much faster rate. We also find transition paths which can interfere. Finally, by discussing how to control the two longitudinal-coupling strengths, we find a method to observe both constructive and destructive interference phenomena in our system.
Entanglement has been recognised as a puzzling yet central element of quantum physics. While photons serve as flying qubits to distribute entanglement, the entanglement of stationary qubits at remote sites is a key resource for envisioned applications like distributed quantum computing. In our experiment we create remote entanglement between a single atom located inside a high-finesse optical cavity and a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). To this end we generate a single photon in the atom-cavity system, entangling the photon polarisation with the atomic Zeeman state. The photon is transported to a different laboratory in an optical fiber, where it is stored in a BEC employing electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This converts the atom-photon entanglement into remote matter-matter entanglement. Subsequently we map the matter-matter entanglement onto photon-photon entanglement. The experimental setup is sketched in Fig. 1.
Quantum entanglement between pairs of remote quantum memories (QMs) is a prerequisite for realizing many applications in quantum networks. Here, we present a heralded protocol for the parallel creation of quantum entanglement among multiple pairs of QMs placed in spatially separated nodes, where each QM, encoding a stationary qubit, couples to an optical cavity and deterministically interacts with single photons. Our protocol utilizes an entangled photon pair encoded in the high-dimensional time-bin degree of freedom to simultaneously entangle multiple QM pairs, and is efficient in terms of reducing the time consumption and photon loss during transmission. Furthermore, our approach can be extended to simultaneously support spatial-temporal multiplexing, as its success is heralded by the detection of single photons. These distinguishing features make our protocol particularly useful for long-distance quantum communication and large-scale quantum networks.
We propose a scheme to entangle multiple material qubits through interaction with single photons via nonexciting processes associated with strongly coupling systems. The basic idea is based on the material state dependent reflection and transmission for the input photons. Thus, the material qubits in several systems can be entangled when one photon interacts with each system in cascade and the photon paths are mixed by the photon detection. The character of nonexciting of material qubits does not change the state of the material qubit and thus ensures the possibility of purifying entangled states by using more photons under realistic imperfect parameters. It also guarantees directly scaling up the scheme to entangle more qubits. Detailed analysis of fidelity and success probability of the scheme in the frame of an optical Fabry-P\'erot cavity based strongly coupling system is presented. It is shown that a two-qubit entangled state with fidelity above 0.99 is promised with only two photons by using currently feasible experimental parameters. Our scheme can also be directly implemented on other strongly coupled system.