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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Remote entanglement between a single atom and a Bose-Einstein condensate

Carolin Hahn, Matthias Lettner, Martin Mücke, Stefan Riedl, Christoph Vo, Simon Baur, Jörg Bochmann, Stephan Ritter, Stephan Dürr, Gerhard Rempe

Published May 1, 2011• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Entanglement has been recognised as a puzzling yet central element of quantum physics. While photons serve as flying qubits to distribute entanglement, the entanglement of stationary qubits at remote sites is a key resource for envisioned applications like distributed quantum computing. In our experiment we create remote entanglement between a single atom located inside a high-finesse optical cavity and a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). To this end we generate a single photon in the atom-cavity system, entangling the photon polarisation with the atomic Zeeman state. The photon is transported to a different laboratory in an optical fiber, where it is stored in a BEC employing electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This converts the atom-photon entanglement into remote matter-matter entanglement. Subsequently we map the matter-matter entanglement onto photon-photon entanglement. The experimental setup is sketched in Fig. 1.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe.2011.5943434

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Entanglement has been recognised as a puzzling yet central element of quantum physics. While photons serve as flying qubits to distribute entanglement, the entanglement of stationary qubits at remote sites is a key resource for envisioned applications like distributed quantum computing. In our experiment we create remote entanglement between a single atom located inside a high-finesse optical cavity and a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). To this end we generate a single photon in the atom-cavity system, entangling the photon polarisation with the atomic Zeeman state. The photon is transported to a different laboratory in an optical fiber, where it is stored in a BEC employing electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This converts the atom-photon entanglement into remote matter-matter entanglement. Subsequently we map the matter-matter entanglement onto photon-photon entanglement. The experimental setup is sketched in Fig. 1.
Entanglement between stationary systems at remote locations is a key resource for quantum networks. We report on the experimental generation of remote entanglement between a single atom inside an optical cavity and a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). To produce this, a single photon is created in the atom-cavity system, thereby generating atom-photon entanglement. The photon is transported to the BEC and converted into a collective excitation in the BEC, thus establishing matter-matter entanglement. After a variable delay, this entanglement is converted into photon-photon entanglement. The matter-matter entanglement lifetime of 100 μs exceeds the photon duration by 2 orders of magnitude. The total fidelity of all concatenated operations is 95%. This hybrid system opens up promising perspectives in the field of quantum information.
We report observations of entanglement of two remote atomic qubits, achieved by generating an entangled state of an atomic qubit and a single photon at site , transmitting the photon to site in an adjacent laboratory through an optical fiber, and converting the photon into an atomic qubit. Entanglement of the two remote atomic qubits is inferred by performing, locally, quantum state transfer of each of the atomic qubits onto a photonic qubit and subsequent measurement of polarization correlations in violation of the Bell inequality [EQUATION: SEE TEXT]. We experimentally determine [EQUATION: SEE TEXT]. Entanglement of two remote atomic qubits, each qubit consisting of two independent spin wave excitations, and reversible, coherent transfer of entanglement between matter and light represent important advances in quantum information science.
This thesis reports on the generation of entanglement between two single atoms, located in different laboratories at a distance of 21 m. The entanglement is established in the conceptually most fundamental way - by exchange of a single photon. To this end, we efficiently create high-fidelity entanglement between one of the atoms and a photon, and then faithfully map the entanglement onto the other atom. Both the photon emission and absorption process are facilitated by employing high-finesse optical resonators that strongly enhance the coupling between light and matter.
A single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical-cavity is a versatile tool for quantum information processing. Utilized as a single-photon source, it allows one to generate single photons very efficiently in a well defined spatio-temporal mode. In a first experiment, polarization-control over the photons is shown. A time-resolved two-photon interference experiment proves the indistinguishability of these photons - required in various quantum information processing schemes. Moreover, in a second experiment, entanglement between the polarization of the emitted photon and the population of the atomic Zeeman levels is created. Subsequent state mapping of the atomic state onto another photon results in a pair of polarization-entangled photons emitted one after the other from the cavity. Although these schemes are in principle possible in free space, the cavity boosts the efficiency by several orders of magnitude.
The generation of entanglement between distant atom via single photons is the basis for networked quantum computing, a promising route to large-scale trapped ion and atom processors. Locating the emitter within an optical cavity provides an efficient matter-light interface, but mirror-induced birefringence within the cavity introduces time-dependence to the produced photons' polarisation. We show that such polarisation oscillation effects can lead to severe loss of fidelity in the context of interference-based remote entanglement schemes. While total elimination of birefringence-inducing mirror ellipticity is preferable, we propose two remedies for systems where this cannot be achieved: one which restores high entanglement fidelities in the presence of polarisation oscillation via local qubit corrections, and one which suppresses polarisation oscillations for experiments with linearly polarised atomic emission projection by employing highly elliptical mirrors. We conclude that even modest cavity birefringence can be detrimental to remote entanglement performance and should be carefully considered when designing such experiments.