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Optics Express

Heralded quantum multiplexing entanglement between stationary qubits via distribution of high-dimensional optical entanglement

Zhihao Xie, Guan-Yu Wang, Zehui Guo, Zhenhua Li, Tao Li

Published Oct 5, 2023• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum entanglement between pairs of remote quantum memories (QMs) is a prerequisite for realizing many applications in quantum networks. Here, we present a heralded protocol for the parallel creation of quantum entanglement among multiple pairs of QMs placed in spatially separated nodes, where each QM, encoding a stationary qubit, couples to an optical cavity and deterministically interacts with single photons. Our protocol utilizes an entangled photon pair encoded in the high-dimensional time-bin degree of freedom to simultaneously entangle multiple QM pairs, and is efficient in terms of reducing the time consumption and photon loss during transmission. Furthermore, our approach can be extended to simultaneously support spatial-temporal multiplexing, as its success is heralded by the detection of single photons. These distinguishing features make our protocol particularly useful for long-distance quantum communication and large-scale quantum networks.

DOI
10.1364/oe.504383

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Quantum entanglement between pairs of remote quantum memories (QMs) is a prerequisite for realizing many applications in quantum networks. Here, we present a heralded protocol for the parallel creation of quantum entanglement among multiple pairs of QMs placed in spatially separated nodes, where each QM, encoding a stationary qubit, couples to an optical cavity and deterministically interacts with single photons. Our protocol utilizes an entangled photon pair encoded in the high-dimensional time-bin degree of freedom to simultaneously entangle multiple QM pairs, and is efficient in terms of reducing the time consumption and photon loss during transmission. Furthermore, our approach can be extended to simultaneously support spatial-temporal multiplexing, as its success is heralded by the detection of single photons. These distinguishing features make our protocol particularly useful for long-distance quantum communication and large-scale quantum networks.
Quantum networks require parallel quantum entanglement between pairs of distant quantum memories (QMs) for practical applications. However, usually one pair of QMs is entangled using a single photonic pulse and multiple pulses are consumed to generate parallel entanglement between pairs of QMs. We propose a multiplexing method for simultaneously entangling multiple pairs of QMs located in two distant nodes. A single photon with high-dimensional encoding first entangles with all QMs in one node, leading to hybrid entanglement between a high-dimensional photon and two-dimensional QMs, and then it interacts with QMs in the other node and converts the hybrid entanglement to entanglement between multiple pairs of QMs in a heralded way. This can significantly increase the efficiency of large-scale quantum networks by reducing the exponential transmission loss via time-bin multiplexing. Furthermore, this protocol presents a specific connection between high-dimensional and two-dimensional quantum systems.
Establishing quantum entanglement between pairs of distant quantum memories (QMs) is essential for numerous applications in quantum networks. In this paper, we propose some heralded schemes for entanglement generation between multiple pairs of QMs placed in long-distance separated nodes, where the qubits are encoded on QMs coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide. By distributing a pair of spatial-polarization hyperentangled photons to two distant nodes, where each photon scatters with QMs, we can generate entanglement between multiple pairs of distant QMs. In our schemes, the faulty scattering events can be filtered out and discarded via detecting the polarization states of scattered photon components within each module QM. Moreover, the responses from single-photon detectors placed at the end of each node enable us to obtain direct entangled states between QMs in a heralded manner. Eventually, we theoretically extend the proposed schemes by demonstrating specific regularities that arise when entangling more pairs of QMs. With recent advancements in hyperentanglement generation, our schemes become increasingly feasible for practical implementation.
Quantum networks involving multiqubit entanglement allow exciting applications in quantum communication, quantum sensing, and distributed quantum computation. The efficiency of nonlocal entanglement generation through optical channels drops exponentially with the distance between network nodes. We present a parallel and heralded protocol for generating distributed multiqubit entanglement across multiple nodes. This is achieved by using a high-dimensional single photon that works as a common-data bus connecting all stationary qubits (i.e., silicon-vacancy electron spins), each of which is coupled to a single-sided optical cavity. Parallel multiqubit entangled states are heralded by the detection of the single photon after it interacts with each stationary qubit and passes through each photonic modulation circuit. This parallel protocol can significantly improve the efficiency of distributed entanglement generation and provides a viable route towards distributed multinode quantum networks.
Nonlocal entanglement generation among multiple remote quantum nodes provides a critical foundation for a variety of counterintuitive quantum applications. The exponential loss of photons transmitting over optical fibers sets an upper limit for entangling these quantum nodes. Here, we propose a resource-efficient and parallel protocol for entangling multiple remote quantum nodes via time-bin multiplexing. The transmission of a single photon with qudit-encoding in the time-bin mode enables entangling multiple stationary qubits in parallel, when single photons and individual stationary qubits interfaces are used and photon-state modulations are properly introduced before subsequently impinging the photon into each interface. Our protocol can generate parallel multipartite entanglement among (N≥3N\geq3N≥3) quantum nodes with the dimension of the photonic time bins independent of NNN, exponentially reducing the requirements for the coherence time of the stationary qubits and for the complexity of the photonic modulations. These distinct features make our protocol particularly advantageous for the development of multinode quantum networks.
Nonlocal entanglement generation among multiple remote quantum nodes provides a critical foundation for a variety of counterintuitive quantum applications. The exponential loss of photons transmitting over optical fibers sets an upper limit for entangling these quantum nodes. Here, we propose a resource-efficient and parallel protocol for entangling multiple remote quantum nodes via time-bin multiplexing. The transmission of a single photon with qudit-encoding in the time-bin mode enables entangling multiple stationary qubits in parallel when single photons and individual stationary qubit interfaces are used and photon-state modulations are properly introduced before subsequently impinging the photon into each interface. Our protocol can generate parallel multipartite entanglement among (N≥3) quantum nodes with the dimension of the photonic time bins independent of N, exponentially reducing the requirements for the coherence time of the stationary qubits and for the complexity of the photonic modulations. These distinct features make our protocol particularly advantageous for the development of multinode quantum networks.
We propose a parallel protocol for implementing distributed nonlocal quantum gates between spatially separated stationary qubits encoded in dual-species quantum emitters (i.e., color-center and superconducting qubits). By utilizing entangled photon pairs with distinct frequencies as a quantum data bus, our approach connects spatially separated devices without requiring quantum frequency conversion or preshared entanglement, while maintaining an always-ready and resource-efficient property for distributed quantum computing and networks. Furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of implementing parallel distributed nonlocal quantum gates on multiple pairs of spatially separated qubits using a single high-dimensional entangled photon pair, which directly benefits from the enhanced quantum capacity provided by optical qudit encoding. Our protocol establishes a scalable and practically implementable framework for distributed quantum networks, potentially enabling the development of future large-scale quantum computing architectures.